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St.    Louis,     1910 


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SECTIONAL 
INDEX 


Antiseptic 
Surgery : 
Its  Evolution      1  1 

In  Early  Ages       17 


In  Greek  and 
Roman 
Periods 


25 


In  Mediasval 
Times 


31 


In  Seventeenth 
and 

Eighteenth 
Centuries 

The  Period  of 
Pasteur  and 
Lister 

'Soloid' 
Brand 
Antiseptics 


47 


63 


84 


'  Wellcome  ' 
Materia 
Medica  Farm    87 


Historical 
Medical 
Equipments       95 


Formulary 
B.  W.  &  Co. 
Products 


147 


Tabloid  ' 
Brand 
Products 


183 


Wellcome 
Brand 
Products 


223 


THE 

Evolution     of    Antiseptic    Surgery 

An   Historical   Sketch 

OF     THE      USE      OF 

Antiseptics    from    the    Earliest   Times 


LECTURE    Memoranda 

American    Medical  Association 

St.    Louis 

1910 


BURROUGHS    WELLCOME    &    CO. 

London   (Eng.) 

Montreal      Sydney      Cape   Town      Milan      Shanghai 

AND 

3S,   37    &  39,   West   Thirty-third   Street 

(near    Fifth    Avenue),    NEW    YORK    CITY 
U.S.A.     213  A'-i-  rights  resekvkd 


II 
1^0 


( 


rnn/firrr/i/iuf 


INDEX 


□    onnc3C3C3c:ioC3C3oa 


>,y^>>>>,>>>>>,>,>,>>>>>>>>>,>>>>.>>>>>>»»»»»»»»j 


i^sculapius     ...         ...         ...          ...         ...         ...  ...  14 

Albucasis         ...          ...          ...           ...          ...          ...  ...  31 

Analysis  Cases,  '  Soloid  '  Brand      135 

Anglo-Saxon  Surgery            t^t^ 

Animal  Instinct  in  Healing  Wounds           ...          ...  ...  13 

Antidote  Case,  '  Tabloid '  Brand 135 

Antient  Hebrew  Antiseptics             ...          ...          ...  ...  23 

Antiseptic  Surgery,  The  Evolution  of        ...          ...  ...  11 

Antiseptics  employed  by  Hippocrates         ...          ...  ...  27 

Arabian  Surgeons      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  31 

Asepsis,  Development  from  Listerism        ...         ...  ...  82 

BacteriologicalCa.se,  '  Soloid '  Brand         ...         ...  ...  136 

Bassi    ...         ...         ...          ...          ...         ...          ...  ...  65 

Birds,  Surgical  Instinct  of    ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  13 

Cameron,  Sir  Hector,  and  Lister    ...          ...         ...  ...  80 

Carbolic  Acid  first  used         ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  71 

Cases — Cycle,  Carriage,  Motor,  etc.           ...          ...  ...  127 

Cases,  'Tabloid' and  'Soloid'         119 

Chemicals,  '  Wellcome '  Brand         ...          ...          ...  ...  223 

Corrosive  Sublimate  first  used          ...          ...          ...  ...  82 

d'Arconville,  Madame           ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  55 

Uelamotte       48 

De  Villeneuve             ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  35 

Double  Cyanide  Gauze          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  151 

Dressings,  Pleated  Compressed,  'Tabloid'  Brand  ...  149 

Duchene's  Observations        ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  41 

Early  Hindu  Antiseptics       ...         ...          ...          ...  ...  23 

'  Elixoid '  Products 151 

Embalming,  Earliest  Method  of      ...          ...          ...  ...  19 

'  Enule '  Products       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  152 

'  Ernutin '  Products    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  154 

Eermentation  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  66 

First- Aid,  'Tabloid'  Brand...          ...          ...          ...  ...  138 

Formulary  B.  W.  &  Co.  Products   ...          ...          ...  ...  147 

Galen  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  29 

Gunshot  Wounds,  Early  Dressing  ...          ...          ...  ...  34 

'  Hazeline '  Preparations       ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  155 

Hippocrates    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  27 

Historical  Medical  Equipments       ...          ...          ...  ...  95 

Honey,  Use  of,  in  Embalming        ...         ...         ...  ...  21 

Humanity's  Debt  to  Pasteur  and  Lister     ...          ...  ...  83 

Hypodermic  Apparatus         ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  155 


Hypodermic  Pocket-Cases,  'Tabloid' Brand  119 

Hypodermic  Products,  *  Tabloid '  Brand    ...  ...  ...  157 

'  Kepler '  Products 161 

Lanfranc's  Method     ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  34 

Lister,  Lord 70 

Lister's  Methods        ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  y;^ 

Lister's  Work  in  Glasgow     ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  72 

Lyons  School              ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  62 

MacBride        58 

Machaon          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  25 

Medicine  Pocket-Cases,  '  Tabloid'  Brand  ...  ...  ...  124 

Microbe,  First  use  of  the  term         ...          ...  ...  ...  69 

Natural  Antiseptics    ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  ii 

Nature,  the  best  Healer        ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  45 

Ophthalmic  Pocket-Cases,  '  Tabloid '  Brand  ...  ...  123 

Ophthalmic  Products,  '  Tabloid  '  and  '  Soloid  '  Brands    164-165 

Pare,  Amliroise          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  42 

Paracelsus       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  44 

Pasteur             ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  64 

Pastilles,  '  Tabloid  '  Brand 166 

Photographic  Products,  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  ...  ...  ...  168 

Preserving,  Early  Methods  of          ...          ...  ...  ...  17 

Pringle,  Sir  John        ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  52 

Putrefaction    ...          ...         ...         ...          ...  ...  ...  17 

Redi's  Discovery        ...          ...         ...         ...  ...  47 

Salting  as  a  Preservative      ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  19 

Sanitary  Towels,  Pleated  Compressed,  '  Tabloid'  Brand  172 

Sera,  '  Wellcome '  Brand      ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  172 

School  of  Salerno       ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  31 

'  Soloid '  Brand  Products       ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  175 

Suppositories,  'Enule' Brand           ...          ...  ...  ...  152 

Symbol  of  the  Serpent          ...          ...         ...  ...  ...  15 

Syme    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  72 

'  Tabloid '  Brand  Products    ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  1 83 

'  Tabloid '  Medical  Equipments        ...          ...  ...  ...  119 

'  Tabloid  '  and  '  Soloid  '  Cases         ...          ...  ...  ...  119 

Testing,  Indicators  for          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  181 

Tyndall's  Confirmation         ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  67 

Vaccines,  '  Wellcome '  Brand          ...         ...  ...  ...  219 

'  Valoid '  Brand  Products      ...         ...          ...  ...  ...  220 

'  Valule '  Brand  Products      ...          ...         ...  ...  ...  220 

'  \'aporole '  Brand  Products              ...          ...  ...  ...  221 

Wax,  Use  of,  in  Embalming           ...         ...  ...  ...  21 

'  Wellcome '  Brand  Products            ...         ...  ...  ...  223 

'  Wellcome '  Materia  Medica  Farm             ...  ...              S6-93 

Wound  Treatment  in  Roman  Period          ...  ...  ...  29 


^^^^^^^ 


FOREWORD 

For  many  years  I  have  been  engaged  in  researches 
respecting  the  early  methods  employed  in  the  healing 
arts,  amongst  both  civilised  and  uncivilised  peoples.  It 
has  been  my  object,  in  particular,  to  trace  the  origin  of 
the  use  of  remedial  agents.  Why  were  certain  sub- 
stances used  in  the  treatment  of  various  diseases  ?  Was 
their  adoption  the  result  of  study  and  practical  observa- 
tion, or  was  it  more  usually  the  result  of  accident  ?  Were 
the  alleged  virtues  purely  imaginary  and  due  to  some 
superstitious  suggestion  ?  A  consideration  of  such  ques- 
tions is  always  of  interest,  and  sometimes  adds  to  our 
knowledge. 

There  is  a  considerable  amount  of  information  scattered 
throughout  the  world  in  folk-lore,  early  manuscripts  and 
printed  books,  but  the  difficulties  of  tracing  out  and 
sifting  the  evidence  are  considerable.  1  anticipate  that 
the  Historical  Exhibition  of  medical,  chemical  and 
pharmaceutical  objects  which  I  am  organising,  to  be 
held  in  London  (Eng.),  will  lead  to  the  revealing  of 
many  facts,  and  the  elucidation  of  many  obscure  points, 
in  connection  with  the  origins  of  various  medicines. 

I  should  greatly  value  any  information  sent  me  in  regard 
to  medical  traditions  or  references  to  antient  treatment  in 
manuscripts,  printed  works,  etc. :  even  though  the  items  be 
ever  so  small,  they  may  form  important  connecting  links 
in  the  chain  of  historical  evidence. 

It  is  my  intention  ultimately  to  place  before  the  pro- 
fession, in  a  collected  form,  all  the  information   1  obtain. 

Henry    S.   Wellcome 


The  Pkkparation   of  AIcmmjks.      From   an  Autient  Egyptian  Tomb 


The    evolution 


ANTISEPTIC     SURGERY 

An   Historical   Sketch   of  the   Use   of   Antiseptics 
from   the   Earliest  Times 


Synopsis    of    Chapters 

Chapter  I 
Antiseptics  :  Natural  and  Prehistoric   .... 

ChAI'TEK    II 

Antiseptics  in  the  Early  Ages 

Chapter  III 
Anti^ptic  Methods  in  the  Grecian  and  Roman  Periods 

Chapter  IV 
Antiseptic  Methods  in  Mediaeval  Times 

Chapter  V 
Antiseptic  Methods  in  the  17th  and  i8th  Centuries 

Chapter  VI 
Antiseptic  Surgery  :  the  Period  of  Pasteur  and  Lister 


I'AGE 

.  11 

.  17 

.  25 

.  31 

.  47 

.  63 


} 


CHAPTER    I 

Antiseptics:    Natural   and    Prehistoric 

The  necessity  of  preventing  putrefaction  in  dead 
matter  appears  to  be  instinctive  among  certain  animals 
and  insects,  and  many  Hving  things  are  known  to 
protect  themselves  by  various  ingenious  methods  from 
destructive  septic  influences.  An  instance 
of  this  natural  instinct   may  be  taken  from  Natural 

antiseptic 

the  life   of  the  bee.     Should   an  intruder,  in  of  the  bee 
the  form  of  an  insect  or  moth,  make  its  way 
into    the    beehive,   it   is    speedily    killed    and    ejected. 
Should,  however,  this  be  impracticable,  owing  to   its 


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Dog    Licking    a    Wound,    and    an    Angei 
Applying    a    Dressing    to    the    Same 


From  a  woodcut  of  the  XV  century 


THE       EVOLUTION       OF       ANTISEPTIC       SURGERY 


position  or  size,  the  body  of  the  intruder  is  impregnated 
with,  and  preserved  by,  the  formic  acid  secretion  of 
the  sting,  and  putrefaction  thereby  prevented.  It  is 
then  methodically  and  hermetically  enclosed  in  a 
sepulchre  of  wax,  so  that,  it  being  excluded  from  the 
air,  the  bees  in  the  hive  are  protected  from  septic 
influences. 

Naturalists  also  tell  us,  that  when  dealing  with  snails 
that  have  made  their  way  into  the  hive,  the  bee  is 
content  to  seal  up  with  wax  the  orifice  of  the  shell,  and 
so  utilise  the  intruder's  equipment  as  its  own  tomb. 
As  we  shall  see  later  on,  man  apparently  borrowed  this 
idea  of  preserving  bodies  from  putrefaction  from  the 
bee,  for  we  find  that  honey  was  used  by  the  Greeks 
to  protect  the  body  from  decay,  and  was  also  employed 
by  them  as  a  dressing  for  wounds. 

In  connection  with  the  poisonous  products  of  putre- 
faction, it  is  a  curious  fact  that  certain  birds  of  prey, 
like  the  vulture,  appear  to  be  immune  from  their  evil 
effects,  and  can  eat  with  impunity  large  quantities  of 
diseased  and  putrefied  animal  tissue. 

Other  birds  appear  to  possess  a  remarkable  instinct 
for  surgery,  which  is  even  accompanied  by  a  natural 
antiseptic  treatment.     Expert  naturalists  have 
observed    that   the    woodcock    and    partridge    surgical 
are    able    to    dress    their    own    wounds    with    '"stinctof 

birds 

considerable    skill.      It    was    noticed    in    the 

case    of    several     woodcock    which    were     shot,    that 

.^hey  were  recovering  from  wounds  which  had  been 
previously     received.      In     every     case     the     injury 

^as  found  to  be  neatly  dressed  with  soft  down 
plucked  from  the  stems  of  feathers,  and  skilfully 
arranged  over  the  wound,  evidently  by  the  aid  of  the 
long  beak  of  the  bird.  In  other  cases,  it  was 
observed  that  ligatures  had  been  applied  to  wounded 
or  broken  limbs.  Certain  animals,  when  wounded, 
have  been  known  to  burrow  into  the  earth  or  mud, 
and  so  shield  the  wounded  part  from  the  air. 

It  is  a  matter  of  common  knowledge  that  an  animal, 
when    wounded,   will    immediately   commence    to   lick 


ytsCULAPI  US 

Hygeia  feeding  one  of  the  Sacred  Serpents  of  ^sculapius 


THE       EVOLUTION       OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


15 


the   cut  or  laceration,   and  often,  without   other  care, 
such   wounds   heal    in    a    remarkably   short    space   of 
time.      By  the  act   of  licking,  the  wound  is 
cleansed,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that,  owing  instClctsin 
to  the  salts  in  solution  in  saliva  acting  as  a  dealing 

"  wounds 

natural  antiseptic,  the  frequent  application 
of  the  tongue  assists  the  healing  of  the  wound. 
Curiously  enough,  this  natural  method  of  healing 
was  perpetuated  in  the  temple  of  ^Esculapius  at 
Epidaurus,  in  Antient  Greece,  where  the  sick  and 
suffering  who  came  to  be  healed  had  their  w^ounds 
and  sores  licked  by  the  sacred  serpents  which  were 
kept  for  that  purpose.  These  serpents,  which  were  of 
a  harmless  variety  found  in  the  valley  of  the 
Hieron,   are    said    to    have    been    trained    to  The  serpent 

as  a  medical 

lick  with  their  forked  tongues  the  ailing  part,  symbol 
yEsculapius,  the  deity  himself,  was  supposed 
sometimes  to  appear  in  the  form  of  a  serpent,  and  was 
generally   represented    with    a    staff  around   which    a 
serpent  is  entwined,  an  emblem  which  is  still  recognised 
as  pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


CHAPTER     II 

Antiseptics    in    the    Early    Ages 

Although  man  appears  to  have  been  more  back- 
ward than  the  lower  animal  creation  in  recognising 
the  danger  that  menaced  him  from  the  putrefaction 
of  matter,  we  find  that  philosophers  and  seers 
from  the  earliest  times  have  speculated  as  to  the 
cause,  and  attempted  to  solve  the  mysteries  of  the 
natural  processes  attending  decay.  When  these  early 
observers  saw,  that  after  a  while  dead  matter 
became  alive  with  minute  animals,  they  con-   Man's  first 

•  theories  on 

eluded  that  there  was  a  re-conversion  of  dead  putrefaction 
into  the  living.  The  decay  of  one  body  was 
but  the  generation  of  another.  Thus  they  eventually 
arrived  at  the  behef,  that  the  living  forms  were  but  the 
adaptations  of  the  elements  of  dead  matter,  and  that 
even  rats  and  snakes  were  created  spontaneously  from 
the  earth. 

It  is  probable  that  the  first  occasion  that  suggested 
to  primitive  man  the  necessity    of   preventing  decay, 
arose  from  the  desire  to  preserve  animal  tissue  for  food. 
The  earliest  method  probably  employed  by  him  for  this 
purpose  was  the  simple  and  primitive  process 
of  drying.     He  doubtless  found  from  experi-   ^^^{,0^5  of 
ence  that,  if  this  was  completely  carried  out,  preserving 
it  prevented  the  ordinary  putrefactive  changes  by  man^ 
taking  place.     In    hot  and  dry  countries  this 
method  seems  to  have  been  extensively  practised  from 
the   earhest    times,    and    in    this    way   the   prehistoric 
inhabitants  of    Egypt   originally  preserved  the   bodies 
of  their  dead. 

Smoking   was   also    employed   as   a   preservative   in 
the  Early  Ages,  and  has  survived  to  the  present  day 
as  a  method  for  curing  fish,  pork,  and  other 
animal    substances.      The    preservative    pro-  Smoking 

as  a  pre- 

perties    of    smokmg,   as    now    practised,   are  servative 
well     known    to    be     due    to    the    antiseptic 
action  of  the  creosote  present  in  the  smoke  from  the 
wood  which  is  employed  in  the  process. 


v* 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  V.l 

Refrigeration,  by  means  of  which  animal  matter, 
when  kept  at  a  low  temperature,  is  enabled  to  resist 
putrefaction,  and  which  is  now  so  largely  employed 
in  the  importation  of  meat,  is  but  an  adaptation  of 
Nature's  processes.  This  is  clearly  illustrated  by 
the  carcases  of  long  extinct  mammoths  which  have 
been  discovered  in  the  ice  cliffs  of  Siberia  with  flesh 
still  upon  them. 

The  preservation  of  animal  matter  by  natural  salts, 
such  as  the  chlorides  and  nitrates  of  sodium, 
has,   with   little    doubt,  been    employed  from  '^^.!.^"*'- 

'  .  quity  of 

the    Early    Ages.      The    preservation    of    fish  salting  as 

in    this    manner    was    practised    in     antient  tlv''/^^^'^^*' 

times    by    the    Egyptians,    and    also    by    the 

early  races  inhabiting  Scandinavia  and   the   north   of 

Europe. 

The  custom  of  embalming,  or  preserving  the  human 
body  from  decomposition,  goes  back  to  a  period  of 
great  antiquity.  The  method  employed  ^^^^^^^^ 
by  the  Egyptians  in  prehistoric  times  is  method  of 
said  to  have  been  carried  out  by  first  slowly  ^"^  »"»•"& 
drying  the  body  and  then  washing  it  with  a  strong 
solution  of  natron,  the  natural  carbonate  of  sodium 
found  in  Egypt. 

At    a    later    period,    a    more    elaborate    process    of 
embalming  came  into  vogue,  which  was  performed  by 
means  of  the  insertion  of  certain  oils,  gums 
and  resins  into  the  cavity  of  the  body,  after  Egyptiln 
the    moister    portions    had     been    removed,  "methods  of 

^  embalming' 

Finally,  the  body  was  washed  with  oil  of 
cedar  and  natron.  Another  method  of  embalming, 
practised  by  the  Egyptians,  was  carried  out  as 
follows :  the  brain  and  intestines  were  first  removed, 
after  which  the  abdomen  was  washed  clean  with  palm 
wine  and  then  filled  with  myrrh,  cassia  and  other 
aromatic  gums  and  gum  resins.  The  body  was  then 
soaked  for  seventy  days  in  a  solution  of  natron,  and 
was  finally  bandaged  with  gummed  linen  or  cloth. 
In  some  processes  a  liquid  distillate  of  pitch-pine 
was  used,  also   tar,   bitumen  and  asphalt.     It  should 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


be  noted  that  practically  all  the  substances 
employed  by  the  early  Egyptians  in  their  processes 
of  embalming  possessed  antiseptic  properties  to  a 
greater  or  lesser  extent. 


Antient    Egyptians    Embalming    a    Body 


The  early  Ethiopians  used  a  diaphanous  resin  to 
preserve  the  bodies  of  their  dead  from  putrefaction, 
whilst  the  Persians  enveloped  theirs  in  wax. 

From  a  recent  investigation  carried  out  at  the 
Government  School  of  Medicine  in  Cairo,  it  is  stated 
Recent  ^^  scicutific  evideucc,  that  the  early  Egyptians 
lighten        simplv   pickled   the   bodies   of  their   dead  in 

Egyptian  r    ^      x 

methods  of  brine,  and  that  the  various  aromatic  balsams 
embalming  ^^^  rcsius  employed  were  mainly  accessories 
to  the  process.  The  real  agent  at  work  was  the 
extraordinarily  dry  climate  of  the  country. 

It  has  been  calculated  that  in  Egypt  alone  seven 
million  bodies  were  embalmed,  yet  the  idea  of  applying 
the  principle  of  preventing  putrefaction  in  other  ways 
never  seems  to  have  occurred  to  the  peoples  of  the 
early  civilisations. 

About  the  third  or  fourth  century  before  the 
Christian  era,  honey  appears  to  have  been  largely 
employed  for  preserving  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
from    putrefaction.      Columella    speaks    of    the    pro- 


THE      EVOLUTION      OK       ANTISEl'TIC      SURGERY  *^1 

perties  of  honey  in  preserving  bodies  for  several 
years,  while  Lucretius  also  refers  to  its  power  of 
preventing  decay.  Josephus  records,  that  the  Jewish 
king  Aristobulus,  whom  Pompey's  partisans  destroyed 
by  poison,  lay  buried  in  honey  till  Anthony  sent  him 
to  the  royal  cemetery  in  Judaea.  The  Assyrians  are 
also  stated  to  have  placed  the  bodies  of  their  dead 
in  honey  to  preserve  them  from  corruption. 
Abd'Allatif  relates  a  story  of  "  a  man  who  had  employment 
found  a  large  sealed  cruise,  and  having  opened  "[n'bS^in" 
it,  he  discovered  it  to  contain  honey,  which  he 
began  to  eat,  until  one  of  his  companions  observed  a 
hair  upon  his  finger.  When  the  contents  of  the  vessel 
were  more  closely  examined,  the  body  of  a  little  child, 
quite  perfect,  was  withdrawn  from  it.  The  body  was 
well  preserved  and  decorated  with  rich  jewels  and 
ornaments."  The  dead  body  of  Alexander  the  Great 
was  rubbed  and  embalmed  with  honey,  and  the  practice 
of  using  honey  for  embalming  purposes  seems  to  have 
been  common  amongst  Romans  of  the  higher  class. 
Virgil  alludes  to  the  practice  in  the  following  lines : — 

Grant  the  corse  torn  by  ravening  fangs  a  curse, 
Is  hence  no  ill  in  funeral  Hames  to  burn  ; 
Or,  pent  in  cold  obstruction,  stiffening  lie 
Immers'd  in  honey,  while  entombed  in  stone. 

Wax  also  appears  to  have  been  extensively  employed 
at  this  .period  for  preserving  the  dead  from  putrefaction. 
The  body  of  King  Agesilaus  was  thus  preserved 
during  its  conveyance  from  Sparta  to  Lace- 
demon  for  burial.  This  story  is  confirmed  by  of  wax  in 
Cornelius  Nepos  and  also  by  Plutarch,  who  """"^''"'"^ 
ascribed  the  adoption  of  wax  to  the  want  of  honey  for 
this  purpose.  It  can  be  readily  conceived  how  the 
coating  of  a  body  with  wax  under  certain  conditions 
Mjould  hermetically  seal  the  dead  tissue  and  keep  it 
ftom  contact  with  the  air,  and  so  prevent  for  a  time  the 
process  of  putrefaction  taking  place. 

The  Guanches,  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the 
Canaries,  practised  a  method  of  embalming  similar  to 
that  of  the  Egyptians. 


22  THE      EVOLLTIUN      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

The  method  which  they  employed  is  described  by  an 
antient  Spanish  writer  as  follows :  "  They  carried  the 
dead  body  in  a  case,  stretched  it  out  on  a  flat  stone, 
opened  it  and  took  out  the  bowels;  then  twice  a  day 
they  washed  the  porous  parts  of  the  body,  namely, 
behind  the  armpits,  behind  the  ears,  the  groin,  between 
the  fingers  and  the  neck,  with  cold  water.  After 
sufficient  washing,  they  anointed  those  parts  with 
sheep's  butter,  and  sprinkled  them  with  a  powder 
made  of  the  dust  of  decayed  pine  trees,  and  a  sort 
of  brushwood  which  the  Spaniards  called  '  Bressos,' 
together  with  the  powder  of  pumice  stone ;  then  they 
let  the  body  remain  until  it  was  perfectly  dry,  when 
the  relatives  came  and  swathed  it  in  dressed  goat- 
skins, girding  all  tight  with  thongs  of  leather.  The 
body  was  finally  placed  in  a  cave.  In  some  cases 
amongst  the  Guanches,  the  cavities  of  the  body,  after 
being  washed  with  salt  water,  were  made  to  receive 
aromatic  substances,  and  the  whole  body  was  then 
dried  in  the  sun  or  in  air  artificially  heated." 

The  body  of  King  Edward  I.  ("  Longshanks ")  was 
embalmed,  in  1307,  and  the  bill  for  medical  attendance 
and  embalming  the  body,  which  is  not  without  interest, 
is  still  extant.  The  following  items  in  the  account 
relate  to  the  embalming  : — 

"  Pro  emplastris  cironeis         

Item  pro  terebintine  destillato 
Item  pro   uno  emplastro  pro  coUo 

Regis    cum     ladano    et     ambras 

orientaUs 

Item  pro  vj  malis  granates 

Item  pro  sex  unciis  de  balsamo  ad 

corpus    Domini   Regis  unguendes 
Item  pro  pulveri  aromaticede  aloeis 

thuris   myrrhae    ad   ponendem   in 

corpore  Regis         

Item  pro  musco  uncia  iij  ad  ponen- 

dum  in  membris  Regis  (a)  ...       o  60     o 

The  embalmers,  Master  Nicolas,  of  Tynwycke  (who, 
the  King  said,  "was  more  learned  and  fit  to  have  the 


£  s. 

d. 

4   0 

0 

0  40 

0 

0  60 

0 

0  60 

0 

r 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  23 

care  of  his  health  than  anyone  in  the  realm  "),  Master 
Peter,  the  surgeon,  and  Richard  of  Montpellier,  the 
Espicer  or  apothecary,  did  their  work  well,  for,  in 
the  early  days  of  the  present  century  the  tomb  of 
Edward  I.  was  opened,  and  the  body  found  entire. 
An  antiquarian  enthusiast  was  induced  to  taste  the 
"pickle"  in  which  the  royal  remains  were  preserved, 
and  even  then,  more  than  500  years  after  the  embalm- 
ment, it  is  said  to  have  showed  traces  of  the  spices 
used,  which  are  set  forth  in  the  account  quoted. 

Little  can  be  gathered  from  the  Old  Testament  as 
to  the  Hebrew  method  of  treating  wounds,  but  judging 
from  the  strictness  of  the  hygienic  measures     ^^^j^^^ 
enforced  by   Moses,  the  Jews  recognised  the     Hebrew 
danger  that  might  arise  from  septicaemia  and     ^"  '^^^ 
infection.     According  to  the  Levitic  law,  "the  woman 
who  gives  birth  to   a  male  child  shall  be  impure  for 
seven  days;  if  she  gives  birth  to  a  girl,  she  shall  be 
impure  for  two  weeks."    Among  the  substances  ordered 
to  be  used  in  the  process  of  purification  were  cedar, 
hyssop,  and  spring  water,  all  of  which  possess  certain 
antiseptic  properties. 

Sushruta,  the   Hindu  father   of    surgery,   in   one   of 
his    works,    advises    that    certain    incense   of    _    , 

Early 

aromatic    drugs   should   be    kept    burning    in     Hindu 
the    room    in    which    an    operation    is    being     ^""^'^^p  '" 
performed,    with    the    presumed    object    of    purifying 
the  air. 


) 


Machaon    attending    a    Wounded   Warrior 


-The     evolution    ok     antiseptic    sukgeky  yo 

CHAPTER     III 

Antiseptic    Methods    in    the    Grecian    and    Roman 
Periods 

Coming  to  the  Grecian  period  and  the  methods  the 
Greeks  employed  in  the  treatment  of  wounds,  Virgil 
describes  how  Diana,  moved  with  pity  at  the    ^    . 

^     -'  Antiseptics 

sight  of  the  sufferings  of  the  son  of  Theseus,  in  Greek 
who  was  torn  by  his  own  horses,  healed  his  ""^  °°^^ 
wounds  by  the  aid  of  certain  medicinal  plants.  In  the 
Georgics,  he  again  alludes  to  the  healing  virtue  of 
plants,  and  tells  us  how  J  apis,  when  tending  ^Eneas, 
who  had  been  wounded  by  an  arrow,  "  squeezed  into  the 
wound  the  juice  of  certain  useful  herbs."  Machaon, 
one  of  the  sons  of  ^sculapius,  is  said  by  Homer  to 
have  accompanied  the  army  of  Nestor.  Although  he 
took  his  place  in  the  ranks  with  other  warriors,  he 
acted  as  military  surgeon  to  the  troops.  The  poet 
goes  on  to  relate  that  when  Menelaus  was  ^^^^^j 
wounded  in  the  leg,  Machaon  was  sent  for.  treatment 
He  hastened  to  the  stricken  soldier,  and  with-  sono^*^  ^°"' 
drew  the  arrow  from  the  wound.  He  sucked  it  ^scuiapms 
and  applied  a  softening  ointment,  the  recipe  for  which 
i5isculapius  had  received  from  the  hand  of  Chiron. 
Machaon  is  also  said  to  have  healed  Philoctetes  of  a 
foul  ulcer  by  cutting  out  the  wound,  washing  it  with 
wine,  and  applying  herbs  of  healing.  The  good 
effect  of  the  wine  was  doubtless  due  to  the  antiseptic 
properties  of  the  alcohol  it  contained.  In  the  Iliad, 
an  account  is  given  of  another  battle,  in  which 
Machaon  himself  was  wounded,  and  Polydorus,  his 
brother,  being  engaged  in  fighting,  Patrocles  acted  as 
surgeon  and  attended  to  Eurypylus,  who  was  wounded 
by  an  arrow  in  the  thigh.  His  method  of  treating  the 
wound  is  thus  described :  he  washed  off  the  blood  with 
lukewarm  water,  and  took  some  bitter  root,  crushed  it 
in  his  hand,  and  appHed  it  to  the  wound;  the  blood 
stopped  immediately  and  the  pain  ceased. 

From  this  account,  it  appears  that  the  antient 
Greeks  were  acquainted  with  some  vegetable  anodyne 
styptic  which  could  be  applied  on  the  battlefield. 


/2^^y^ 


Greek   Army   Surgeon    Dressing   the   Wounds 
OF   A   Soldier 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  27 

Hippocrates,  the  father  of  Greek  medicine  (460  B.C.), 
in  his  work  on  wounds,  observes  that  the  surgeon 
should  aim  at  keeping  the  wound  dry,  that  ^^^^^  ^.^^ 
condition  being  a  healthier  one  than  when  employed  by 
it  is  wet.  He  recommends  that  wounds  'pp°'=''^^" 
should  be  permitted  to  bleed  freely,  and  should  be 
carefully  cleansed.  He  was  against  the  use  of  fatty 
substances  as  dressings,  and  advocated  astringents, 
such  as  wine,  alum  dissolved  in  vinegar,  galls,  and  the 
green  bark  of  the  fig-tree.  He  directs  another  dressing 
to  be  prepared  by  placing  sour  grapes  in  a  vase  of 
red  copper  in  the  sun,  and  adding  honey,  myrrh, 
nitre,  and  a  small  quantity  of  turpentine,  thereby 
making  an  application  which  would  possess  undoubted 
antiseptic  properties.  In  discoursing  on  wounds  of  the 
head,  he  states  a  head  wound  should  never  be 
moistened  with  anything,  not  even  with  wine,  and 
alludes  also  to  a  black  medicament,  which  is  soluble, 
with  which  a  wound  might  be  anointed,  and  after- 
wards a  piece  of  linen,  moistened  with  oil,  applied. 
To  cure  long-standing  wounds,  he  recommends  the 
employment  of  unfermented  wine,  to  be  used  per- 
severingly,  or  astringent  red  or  white  wine. 

Pitch  and  other  tarry  substances,  having  antiseptic 
properties,  were  also  employed  by  the  surgeons  of 
early  Greece  in  the  treatment  of  wounds,  and  Phny 
mentions  how  valuable  were  the  absorbent  properties 
of  certain  earths  when  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

The    antiquity    of    the   use    of    oil    and   wine   as   a 
dressing  for  wounds   is   evidenced  by  the  parable  of 
the   Good    Samaritan,   related    in    the    New 
Testament.     In  pouring  oil  and  wine  on  the  wine"as  a 
wounds   of    the    man,    who    was   waylaid    by  pressing 

'  J  J     for  wounds 

robbers,  the  Samaritan   was   probably    using 
the    method    of    first-aid    practised    by    his    country- 
men, which,   unknown    to   them,   was  a  mild  form  of 
antiseptic  treatment. 

Celsus,  who  lived  about  a.d.  50,  gives  us  a  gUmpse 
of  the  methods  of  healing  wounds  employed  by  the 
Roman   surgeons.      Following    the    teaching     of    the 


The    Good    Samaritan 


THE      EVOLUTION       OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  iW 

Greeks,  they  first  carefully  cleansed  the  part  by 
washing  it  with  wine,  vinegar,  or  oil.  In  other  cases, 
honey  was  applied,  or  wool  dipped  in  vinegar,  and  to 
arrest  haemorrhage,  the  wound  was  cauterised  by 
means  of  a  red-hot  instrument.  In  a  work  on  the 
second  Punic  war,  by  Silus  Italicus,  a  surgeon  who 
was  present  with  the  army  of  Hannibal,  he  mentions 
that  wounds  were  cured  with  the  juice  of  herbs  and 
charms.  The  Romans  were  also  acquainted  with  the 
properties  of  certain  earths  of  a  calcareous  nature, 
which  they  used  as  an  application  to  wounds. 

Paulus  ^ginetus,  who  flourished  about  the  seventh 
century,  advocated  astringent  applications,  such  as  fir- 
cones macerated  in  wine,  as  a  dressing  for  wounds. 

Galen,  the  famous  Greek  physician  and  anatomist,  who 
flourished  a.d.  200,  employed  as  wound  dressings,  alum 
dissolved  in  wine,  lime  water  and  astringent 
herbs.     Writing  on  alexipharmic  dressings  for    wound 
wounds,  he  states,  that  they  only  take  effect    in  the 
when  they  are  contrary  to  the  cause  of  the    pe°^" 
disease,  so  that  according  to  the   nature   of 
the   deleterious  or  venomous  substance,  a  heating  or 
refreshing    remedy    should    be    applied.      Honey,    hy- 
dromel,  verdigris,  turpentine,  and  oil  were  among  the 
substances  also  recommended  by  Galen  to  be  used  in 
dressing    wounds ;    but,    before    their    application,   he 
insisted  that  the  wound  which  was  putrid  should  be 
washed    with    wine.      Another    method   he    advocated 
was    the    application    of    a  sponge  or  piece    of   wool, 
soaked  in  astringent  wine,  or  a  mixture  of  water  and 
vinegar  to  the  wound.      For  suppressing  haemorrhage, 
when  cold  water  and  astringents  failed,  he  employed 
unripe  galls  and  stronger  wines. 

Oribasius,  another  celebrated  surgeon  of  the  fourth 
century,  followed  the  doctrines  of  Hippocrates,  and 
strongly  advocated  the  use  of  wine  or  vinegar, 
diluted  with  water,  as  an  application  to  wounds.  In 
some  cases,  he  states  he  found  that  the  leaves  of  the 
papyrus  plant,  which  had  previously  been  soaked  in 
wine,  were  of  great  value  in  arresting  haemorrhage,  and 


30 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


thus    he    unconsciously    devised    a     mild     antiseptic 
plaster. 

Rhases,  the  Arab,  who  lived  between  the  years  850 
and  923,  and  was  probably  the  first  to  obtain  alcohol 
bv  distillation  of  wine,  employed  it  in  the  treatment 
of  wounds,  alone,  or  mixed  with  astringent  plants. 


A   Soldier    of   Antient    Greece    having   wounded 
Foot    Dressed 


From  a  bronze  ca.  2  5  0  b.c. 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  31 

CHAPTER    IV 
Antiseptic   Methods   in   Medi/Eval   Times 

In  the  early  Middle  Ages  the  teaching  of  the 
Greeks  drifted  southward,  and  the  Arabian  School 
added  considerably  to  the  knowledge  of  the  period. 
Albucasis,  the  Arabian  physician  (a.  d.  936-1013), 
in  his  treatise  on  surgery,  recommends  that  a  pad  of 
cotton  wool,  soaked  in  rose  oil  alone,  or 
mixed  with  an  astringent  wine,  should  be  ^^^^^^^^^ 
placed   on   a    wound.      "  If   the   wound,"    he  Arabian, 

•  •        r  ^  re  1     1  1         Observes 

contmues,  "  is  found  to  be  affected  by  the  the  effect  of 
action  of  the  air,  an  ointment  should  be  a^wound" 
applied  until  suppuration  occurs."  The  fact 
that  Albucasis  in  the  eleventh  century  recognised  the 
evil  of  exposing  a  wound  to  the  air  is  very  remarkable, 
and  he  may  be  fairly  regarded  as  one  of  the  earliest 
pioneers  of  what  is  known  as  aseptic   surgery  to-day. 

The  methods   of   the   Arabian   surgeons   and    those 
who  graduated  at  the  School  of  Salerno  were  followed 
by  Avicenna,  Avenzoar,  Averroes,  and  other  ^qu^^ 
famous  surgeons  of  antiquity.     The  chief  sub-  dressing 
stances  advocated  by  the  School  of  Salerno  for  school  of 
dressing   wounds  were    aloes,  centaury,  galls,  ^*'^''"° 
fennel  flowers  and    other    astringents,    some    of  which 
remained   in    use    for    this    purpose    as    late    as    the 
eighteenth  century. 

Another  substance  introduced  by  the  Arab  surgeons 
as  a  dressing  for  wounds,  and  which  was  employed 
for  centuries  afterwards  in  other  countries,  was  the 
astringent  gum-resin,  called  "  dragon's  blood."  The 
origin  of  its  use  for  arresting  haemorrhage  was  pro- 
bably due  to  its  colour,  as,  according  to  the  old 
doctrine  of  signatures,  substances  of  the  same  colour 
or  shape  as  organs  of  the  body,  or  its  secretions,  had 
a  beneficial  effect  upon  them. 

From  what  is  known  of  surgical  treatment  in 
Anglo-Saxon  times,  astringent  substances,  such  as 
powdered  galls,  or  the  crushed  leaves  of  some  herb 
possessing  styptic  properties,  were  generally  applied 
to    a  wound    to    arrest    haemorrhage.     The   treatment 


32 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


for  wounds  employed  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  leeches 
may  be  judged  from  the  following  recipes  taken  from 
an  Anglo-Saxon  leech  book,  written  about  the  seventh 
century  : — 

I.  "A  wound   salve:   take   seed   of  waybread,  bray 
it  small,  shed  it  on  the  wound ;  soon  it  will  be  better." 


Albucasis    Performing    an    Operation 
From  an  MS.  of  the  XIII  century 


2.  "  For  cleansing  of  a  wound  :  take  clean  honey, 
warm  it  at  the  fire,  put  it  then  into  a  clean  vessel, 
add  salt,  and  shake  it  till  it  have  the  thickness  of 
brewit,  smear  the  wound  therewith,  when  it  tumeth 
foul.  If  there  be  a  bone  breach  in  the  head,  pound 
maythe  and  goutweed  well  in  honey,  then  add  butter; 
that  is  a  good  salve." 

3.  "  Again,    a    wound    salve :    the    groundsel    which 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  33 

waxeth  in  highways,  that  is  good  for  a  wound  salve, 
and  ribwort,  and  yarrow  and  gith  ripe ;  pound  all  the 
worts,  boil  in  butter,  and  squeeze  through  a  cloth." 

It  is  curious  to  note  how,  even  in  a  coun- 
try so  far   removed    from   Grecian   influence  s^on' 
as   Anglia,  we    find    honev   being    used    as  a  wound 

...  ,  ■'  °  dressings 

dressmg  for  wounds. 

From  Anglo-Saxon  times  to  the  twelfth  century  was 
the  darkest  period  in  the  history  of  surgery,  and,  if 
anything,  the  art  retrograded  rather  than  progressed. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century,  however, 
Theodoric,  Bishop  of  Cervia,  near  Ravenna,  who  was 
learned  in  surgery,  gave  voice  to  principles  that 
eventually  laid  the  foundation  of  aseptic  surgery. 

For  centuries  previous  it  had  been  believed  and 
taught  that  the  best  method  of  treating  a  wound  was 
to  promote  suppuration,  and  that  every  method  should 
be  used  to  keep  it  open,  but  Theodoric,  writing  in 
1275,  says:  "It  is  not  necessary,  as  Roger  and  Roland 
have  written,  and  as  many  of  their  disciples  teach, 
and  as  all  modern  surgeons  profess,  that  pus  should 
be  generated  in  wounds.  No  error  can  be  greater 
than  this.  Such  a  practice  is  indeed  to  hinder  nature, 
to  prolong  the  disease,  and  to  prevent  the  con- 
glutination and  consolidation  of  the  wound." 

Unfortunately  Theodoric's  theory  was  not  believed, 
and  the  advocates  of  suppuration  triumphed :  ^^ 

for   centuries   afterwards,   poultices   and-fats  ini27s 
of     various     descriptions     continued     to     be  [h^i^rncr 
applied  to  wounds,  and  tents   plastered  with  ^^j,,^\sg 
irritants  to    promote   suppuration  thrust   into  tic  surgery 
them,  even  when  there  was  no  foreign  matter 
to  be  discharged. 

The  method  of  treating  a  wound  practised  by 
Theodoric  and  Henry  of  Monde ville,  his  pupil,  was 
to  wash  it  with  wine  only,  scrupulously  removing 
every  foreign  particle,  and  then  bringing  the  edges 
together,  and  so  excluding  any  form  of  dressing. 

The  favourite  dressing  of  William  of  Saliceto,  a 
physician    who   lived   in    the    thirteenth    century,   was 

B* 


34  THE       EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

a  mixture  of  rose  oil  and  the  whites  of  eggs,  which 
he  applied  to  the  wound  by  means  of  feathers. 
Lanfranc,  the  French  surgeon,  in  1265  im- 
meSi^of^  proved  on  William's  method  of  treatment, 
wound         3jj(j  observes    that    "  a  wound   that  will  not 

treatment 

close  up  by  itself  must  be  stitched  with  a 
needle  through  which  a  thread  can  pass.  The  wound 
should  then  be  covered  with  the  astringent  powder 
of  dragon's  blood,  taking  care  that  it  does  not  reach 
the  inside  of  the  wound,  where  it  could  prevent 
consolidation.  Over  this  a  linen  cloth  soaked  in  a 
mixture  of  rose  oil  and  white  of  egg  should  be  placed, 
and  over  this  a  bandage." 

The  invention  of  firearms  as  weapons  of  war,  about 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  opened  up  a 
new  field  for  surgeons  in  the  treatment  of  gunshot 
wounds.  From  contemporary  writers  we  learn,  that 
at  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century  their  methods 
of  treatment  were  still  very  crude.  They 
metifods  of  t)elieved  that  gunpowder  was  a  burning 
dressing  irritating  substance  that  poisoned  the  wound. 
^unds^  and  rehed  on  the  application  of  warm  hemp- 
seed  oil  to  counteract  its  harmful  effects. 
Nicolaus,  a  German,  who  was  barber- surgeon  to  the 
Duke  Sigismund  of  Austria,  was  the  first  to  introduce 
hemp-seed  oil  as  a  dressing  for  wounds.  Gersdorff. 
an  Alsatian  surgeon,  advocated  pouring  the  oil  into 
the  wound,  and  insisted  that  it  should  be  used  two 
or  three  times  in  succession  by  pouring  it  out  and 
filling  the  wound  again.  After  this  had  been  done, 
he  substituted  for  the  oil  an  infusion  of  the  inner 
bark  of  the  linden  and  elder  blossoms,  after  which 
he  appUed  drawing  plasters. 

Guy  de  Chauliac,  the  great  French  surgeon  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  advocated  the  use  of  hot 
ChLfilc  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^°  wash  out  a  wound.  After  dr}-ing, 
advocates  he  procccdcd  to  dress  it  with  a  lenative 
hot  red  wine  ointment,  over  which  he  placed  a  bandage 
that  had  been  soaked  in  wine  and  then 
squeezed.      Around,  but   not   on   the  wound  itself,  he 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  35 

applied  oil  of  rose   and  oil  of  myrtle   mixed,   or  an 
application  composed  of  oil  and  vinegar. 

From  the  time  of  Guy  de  Chauliac,  greater  attention 
was  paid  to  the  treatment  of  wounds,  judging  from 
the  writings  of  surgeons  of  the  period.  In  them  we 
find  many  new  terms,  such  as  "corrosive,"  "putre- 
factive" and  "regenerative,"  frequently  employed  in 
connection  with  wound  treatment.  Such  terms  indi- 
cated a  tendency  towards  a  more  scientific  research 
and  methodical  study  of  the  subject.  Towards  the 
middle  of  the  century  a  remarkable  paragraph 
occurs  in  a  work  by  Arnauld  de  Villeneuve,  viiieneuve 
a  mediaeval  physician  and  alchymist,  which  arawound^ 
apparently     foreshadows     the     brilliant     dis-  dressing, 

.  ^  ,  .       and  recog- 

coveries  that  were  made   centuries   after   his 


nises  a 


time.     Writing   on   the  means   by   which   the  com'bfnition 
healing    of    wounds    is    effected,    he    states  :  introduced 

°  ^  _  _  from  the  air 

"  sometimes  washing  is  necessary.  And  such 
washing  ought  to  be  done  with  lukewarm  drying  agents, 
such  as  with  wine  or  aqua  vini  (aqua  ardenti).  That 
such  a  washing  ought  to  be  dry  has  already  been 
stated,  for  wounds  are  not  cured  unless  previously 
dried.  Wounds  recently  received,  when  they  are 
washed  with  aqua  ardenti,  heal  most  speedily,  because 
the  liquid  cleanses  and  dries  and  also  removes  any 
harmful  combination  introduced  from  the  air.'' 

A  very  general  belief  prevailed  in  mediaeval  times  in 
the  preventive  and  antiseptic  powers  of  certain  plants 
possessing  powerful  odours.  The  fresh  or  dried  plants 
were  exposed  so  that  their  odours  were  diffused  in  the 
air,  or  they  were  burnt  in  such  a  way  that  the 
smoke  pervaded  the   atmosphere,  a  practice  Antiseptic 

^  r  T  IT  properties 

which  was  but  recently  maintained  by  the  of  plants 
strewing  of  fragrant  herbs  in  the  dock  on  the 
first  day  of  the  opening  of  the  Criminal  Sessions  at  the 
Old  Bailey.  Occasionally,  also,  preparations  of  the 
plants  were  taken  internally  as  medicines,  whilst  the 
.  dried  herbs  were  frequently  made  up  into  "poman- 
ders," or  scent  balls,  to  be  carried  about  the  person,  or 
small  scent-bottles  were  filled  with  the  powdered  herbs. 


Arnauld    de   Villeneuve 

Physician  and  Alchymist 
Born  about  1240.       Died  1313 


THE      EVOLUTION       OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  37 

A  fourteenth  century  "  drynke  for  the  pestilence  "  con- 
tained fever-few,  mugwort,  maythe  (stinking  mayweed), 
and  other  strong- smelling  plants  mixed  with  old  ale. 
The  writer  of  the  book,  in  which  the  recipe  appears, 
quaintly  states  that,  "  gif  the  seke  drynke  VI  sponful  at 
ones,  it  schal  distroye  the  corupcion,  and  cauen  the 
man  or  wumman,  whethin  it  be."  Ointments  for 
cleansing  and  healing  wounds  contained  vervain,  resin, 
and  mastic,  whilst  frankincense  was  mixed  with  wine  as 
a  lotion.  A  disinfecting  powder  for  wounds,  called 
"  recheles,"  was  a  kind  of  incense ;  it  was  used  for 
toothache,  and  as  an  ingredient  in  "  a  goud  poudre  for 
to  slo  the  festour."  Sage  and  salt,  baked  into  cakes 
and  powdered,  formed  a  tooth  powder.  A  sixteenth- 
century  preventive  of  plague  was  a  sponge  dipped  into 
vinegar  and  rose-water,  or  vinegar  in  which  wormwood 
and  rue  had  been  boiled;  the  sponge  was  to  be  "  smelled 
often."  Later  still,  pomanders  were  made  containing 
cinnamon,  cloves,  amber,  nutmegs,  storax,  chamomile, 
juniper  and  red  roses,  beaten  together  to  make  a 
powder  which  was  then  made  into  a  mass  with  rose- 
water.  A  preventive  remedy  for  internal  use, 
consisting  of  sage,  honey  and  treacle  was  to  Pomanders 
be  taken  fasting,  five  or  six  spoonfuls  daily,  use 
Rue,  elder,  red  sage,  white  wine  and  ginger 
were  the  ingredients  of  another  mixture,  of  which  a 
good  draught  was  to  be  taken  every  morning  and 
evening,  for  the  space  of  nine  days.  Finally,  fumiga- 
tions were  resorted  to  in  order  to  destroy  the  supposed 
"  aura,"  or  poison  of  the  plague,  for  which  purpose  it 
was  recommended  that  "  such  things  ought  to  be 
used  as  exhale  very  subtile  sulphurs,  as  the  spicy 
drugs  and  gums."  In  the  category  referred  to,  were 
included  storax,  benzoin,  frankincense  and  all  aro- 
matic roots,  woods,  etc.,  and  it  was  asserted  that 
"  such  drugs  as  are  from  a  vegetable  production  and 
abound  with  subtile  volatile  parts,  are  of  service  to 
be  exhaled  into  the  air  this  way,  both  by  their  fitness 
to  join  with  and  cover  those  venomous  spiciila  that  are 
on  float.'''' 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  39 

A  celebrated  ointment  which  enjoyed  a  great  reputa- 
tion in  the  Middle  Ages  as  a  dressing  for  all  kinds  of 
wounds  was  called  "  Egyptian  ointment."     It  was  com- 
posed of  honey,  i  lb. ;  vinegar,  ^  lb. ;  sulphate 
of  copper,  -^  oz. ;  and  alum,  ^  oz.     The  name  ^nfment" 
of  the  originator  of  this  formula  is  unknown, 
but  as  a  dressing  it  undoubtedly  possessed  antiseptic 
properties,  and  must  to  some  extent  have  justified  its 
reputation.     It  is  said  to  have  proved  to  have  been  the 
most  effective  weapon  against  putrefaction,  and  as  late 
as    the     eighteenth     century,     Bordenave,    a     French 
investigator  and  surgeon,  states  that  he  used   it  with 
success    to   restrict    to   a    certain    point    putrefaction 
which  threatened  a  whole  limb. 

Braunschwig,  a  German  surgeon  (1497),  was  another 
who   regarded   gunpowder    as    a    poison,    and    recom- 
mended, in  order  to  neutralize  its  evil  effects,   Braun- 
that  warm  oil  of  violets  should  be  poured  into  ^^j^j^'^^^ 
the  wound.     He  also  advocates  camphor  and  treating 
oil    of    turpentine    as    local    dressings,    and  '^°""  ^ 
recommends   that   wounds    should    be    kept    open    by 
means  of  tents,  rubbed  with  pork  fat. 

Little  progress  was  made  in  surgical  treatment  until 
the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  surgeon  of  that 
period  still  relied  on  the  red-hot  cautery  to  arrest  the 
flow  of  blood,  and  then  dressed  the  wound  with  an 
ointment  composed  probably  of  dried  earthworms  in 
powder,  Armenian  bole,  camphor  and  oil  of  roses.  He 
might,  indeed,  have  also  inserted  a  drainage  tube  of  reed 
or  animal  membrane,  such  as  the  windpipe  of  a  rabbit.   ' 

The  mortality  from  haemorrhage  on  the  battlefields 
and  in  operations  at  this  period  must  have  been 
terrible,  for  the  boiling  pitch,  or  oil,  the  red-hot  iron, 
the  styptic  pellets,  and  other  primitive  methods  of 
arresting  blood  were  quite  inadequate,  and  must  at 
times  even  have  accelerated  death. 

During  the  sixteenth  century,  the  idea  that  air  had 
some  effect  on  wounds  seems  to  have  suggested  itself  to 
several  surgeons.  Fallopius  states  that  he  studied  the 
action  of  air  on  wounds,  and  tried  its  effects. 


40 


PHE      6VOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


In  1563.  Felix  Wuertz,  a  Swiss  surgeon,  advocated  a 
new  treatment  for  wounds,  and  to  stop  haemorrhage  he 


Application    of    the   Actual   Cautery    to   a   Wound 
From  a  woodcut  of  the  XVI  century 


used  crocus  martis  (oxide  of  iron),  alum,  and  the  white 
hair  of  the  rabbit.  He  strongly  opposed  the 
addles  that  ^sc  of  the  cautcry  as  aggravating  the  pain, 
^ou"d\e  ^"^  deprecated  the  use  of  salves  and  dirty 
dressed  oils,  iu  placc  of  which  he  strongly  recom- 
and  not  mended  honey  as  the  best  local  application. 
toTe^r  ^^  ^Iso  ^'^^^  SO  far  as  to  say  that  ''the 
influence  of  air  on  wounds  was  dangerous, 
provoking    irritation    and    cramp.''      He     advised    that 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  41 

"  dressings  should  be  made  as  quickly  as  possible,  taking 
care  to  shut  all  doors  and  windows,  to  prevent  the  action  of 
the  air.'' 

In  a  treatise  on  surgery  written  by  Duchene  towards 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  there  are  some  very 
original     and     remarkable     statements    with 
respect  to  the  treatment  of  wounds.     He  says,  fordstom/' 
"  I  think  it  worth  mentioning,  that  many  use,  remarkable 

•  1  1  observa- 

not  only  for  the  first  dressmg,  but  throughout  tions 
the  entire  treatment  of  the  wounds,  simply 
tepid  spring  water,  to  which  some  add  a  little  oil  and 
vinegar.  They  wash  the  wound  with  it,  and  lay  upon 
it  wet  lint  or  tow,  and  so  successful  is  the  result  that 
people  are  astonished,  and  believe  it  is  the  result  of  a 
charm  of  magic  words." 

He  advocated  that  a  little  oil  and  vinegar  should  be 
added  to  the  water,  "  for,"  he  states,  "  it  is  clear  that 
vinegar  resists  corruption,  for  the  reason  that  if  some- 
thing is  put  in  it,  it  is  conserved  and  will  not  putrefy. 
Oil  acts  in  the  same  way,  and  if  poured  on  wine  or 
other  liquor  it  prevents  it  turning  sour  by  preventing  the 
air  coming  to  it.'' 

It  must  be  readily  acknowledged  that  these  observa- 
tions, which  were  made  in  1576,  practically  outlined 
the  principles  which  Lister  brought  into  prominence 
three  hundred  years  later. 

John  Vigo,  the  author  of  one  of  the  most  popular 
works  on  surgery  in  the  sixteenth  century,  followed 
the  antient  custom  of  cauterising  wounds  with  boiling  oil. 

Ambroise  Pare,  the  father  of  French  surgery,  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  put  a  stop  to  the  terrible  treat- 
ment of  arresting  haemorrhage  with  boiling  oil.  The 
story  is  told  that  once,  after  a  certain  battle.  Pare  found 
that,  to  his  horror,  no  more  boiling  oil  was  available 
for  the  surgeons,  and  that  he  would  be  obliged  to  resort 
to  some  other  method  of  treatment. 

"  At  last,"  he  states,  "  I  was  forced  instead  thereof  to 
apply  a  mixture  of  the  yolks  of  eggs,  oil  of  roses  and 
turpentine,  a  mixture  which  produced  such  excellent 
results  that  I  resolved  never  more  to  burn  thus  cruelly 


Am  BROisE    Par6 
Father  of  French  Surgery 
Born   1517        Died  1590 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  43 

poor  men  with  gunshot  wounds."     The  usual  dressing 
consisted  of  oil  of  elders  mixed  with   treacle.      Pare 
mentions   how   once   he   visited,   at    Turin,    a 
surgeon  who  had  invented  a  famous  balm  for   p^r^™'^^ 
dressing    gunshot    wounds.       He    states    "  he  abandons 

,  ^  ,  .  -  the  use  of 

made  me  pay  court  to  him  for  two  years  boiUng  oil 
before  I  could  possibly  draw  the  recipe  ^au^ery 
form  him.  In  the  end,  thanks  to  my  gifts 
and  presents,  he  gave  it  to  me,  which  was  to  boil  in 
oil  of  lihes,  young  whelps  just  born,  and  earthworms, 
prepared  with  Venetian  turpentine.  Then  I  was 
joyful,  and  my  heart  made  glad  that  I  had  under- 
stood his  remedy,  which  was  like  that  which  I  had 
obtained  by  chance."  Pare  experimented  with  other 
dressings,  and  in  his  works  he  advises  the  following 
treatment  for  a  suppurating  thigh :  "  The  thigh  and 
the  whole  of  the  leg  must  be  fomented  with  a  deeoc- 
tion  of  sage  and  rosemary,  thyme,  lavender,  flowers 
of  camomile  and  melilot,  red  roses  boiled  in  white 
wine,  with  a  drying  powder  made  of  oak  ashes  and 
a  little  vinegar  and  half  a  handful  of  salt."  For  a 
compound  fracture  he  recommends  white  of  eg^, 
flour,  soot  from  the  chimney  and  fresh  butter  melted, 
to  be  applied  to  the  wound. 

But  Ambroise  Pare  initiated  a  still  greater  advance 
in  surgical  treatment  by  using  the  ligature  in  place 
of  the  actual  or  red-hot  cautery  in  cases  of  amputa- 
tion. He  followed  the  French  army  during  many 
long  and  arduous  campaigns,  and  it  was  on  the 
battlefield,  at  the  Siege  of  DamviUiers,  in  1552,  that 
he  first  put  his  idea  into  practice.  His  teaching  and 
practice  concerning  the  ligature  met  with  violent 
opposition,  and  it  took  a  long  time  before  it  was 
universally  recognised  as  the  safest  and  most  reliable 
treatment. 

Pare  did  not  invent  the  ligature,  as  is  generally 
supposed,  but  merely  re-discovered  its  use.  Celsus 
speaks  of  it  as  an  ordinary  method  in  trea'ting  wounds, 
and  Archigenes  of  Apamea  (a.d.  48-117)  tied  vessels 
in  amputating,  after  fixing  a  tight   band   at   the  root 


Paracelsus 
Theophratus    Bombastus   von    Hohenheim 

Physician  and  Alchymist.         Born  1493.      Died  1541 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  45 

of  the  limb.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  hot  wine  fomentations  seem  to  have  been 
a  favourite  method  of  treating  wounds,  although 
Delacroix,  another  famous  French  surgeon,  still  advo- 
cated and  used  boihng  pitch,  oil  and  turpentine. 

Early  in  the  seventeenth  century  Paracelsus  pointed 
out    the    abuse   of   the    suture  so  much   employed  by 
surgeons    of    the     day,    and     declared    that 
"  Nature    healed   wounds  by  a  curative   balm  if  observes 
left  to  herself.''      He  observed    the    benefit  to  Jeffto  he"-' 
a  wound  when  the    air    had    been    excluded,   ^^^^  '^  ^^^ 

best  healer 

and   recommended   the    use  of  a  solution   of 
lead    acetate    in    surgical    treatment.      But    although 
many  of  the  substances  used  at    this   time  were  anti- 
septics of  a  mild   nature,  unfortunately  they  had    not 
sufficient  germicidal  power  to  render  them  effective. 

Gersdorff,  an  Alsatian  surgeon  of  great  experience, 
who  lived  at  this  period,  was  a  disciple  of  Fare's,  and 
abandoned  the  use  of  the  cautery  and  boiling  oil.  He 
employed  a  styptic  of  his  own,  which  he  kept  secret, 
and,  after  amputating,  was  accustomed  to  cover  the 
stump  of  the  limb  with  a  bull's  bladder,  and  so 
protect  it  from  the  air. 

Towards  the  close  of  his  life,  Sir  Francis  Bacon 
became  interested  in  the  subject  of  putrefaction,  but 
his  investigations  were  apparently  cut  short  gir  Francis 
by  his  death,  the  primary   cause   for   which,  Bacon's 

•^    _  '  ^       ,         -'  _  .      experiments 

curiously  enough,  was  induced  by  his  enthusi-  on  preserv- 
asm  on  the  subject.  His  biographer  states,  *"^  ^'^^ 
that  towards  the  end  of  March  in  the  year  1626, 
being  near  Highgate  on  a  snowy  day,  he  left  his  coach 
to  collect  snow,  with  which  he  meant  to  stuff  a  fowl, 
in  order  to  observe  the  effect  of  cold  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  its  flesh.  This  interesting  statement  is  all  that 
is  known  of  Bacon's  experiments  on  the  subject. 


Surgeon    Operating   on    a    Patient's   Arm 
From  a  painting  by  Dusart  of  the  XVII  century 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  47 


CHAPTER    V 

Antiseptic    Methods    in    the    Seventeenth     and 
Eighteenth     Centuries 

During  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  super- 
stition and  witchcraft  played  a  prominent  part  in  the 
treatment  of  wounds.     Ointments,  composed  of  human 
fat  and  the  fat  of  various  animals,  were  looked  upon  as 
potent  healers.     Kenelm  Digby's  method  of  treatment 
with  his   "  Sympathetic    Powder,"  or  weapon  ^^^^^^^ 
salve,  the    virtues    of    which   were  so  loudly  pigby's 
extolled,  had  the  merit  of  at  least  not  inter-  pathetic 
fering  with  Nature's  own  process  of  healing,  po^*^^''" 
Digby  advocated  that  his  salve  should  be  applied  to 
the  weapon  instead  of  to  the  wound,  the  latter  being 
simply  cleansed  and  wrapped  in  clean  bandages. 

There  was  little  actual  advance  at  this  period 
towards  surgical  antisepsis,  but  two  very  important 
discoveries  were  made  which  materially  assisted  those 
that  were  to  come.  About  1690,  Leeuwenhoek, 
a  Dutch  physician,  who  had  been  making  observa- 
tions on  the  larvae  of  frogs  and  other  small  animals, 
was  able  to  see  with  his  improved  microscope 
organisms  which  hitherto  were  unknown,  and  to  him 
may  be  ascribed  the  discovery  of  what  were  afterwards 
called  microbes.  Redi,  a  poet  of  Tuscany, 
about  the  same  period,  by  some  simple  anim^or-" 
experiments,    proved     that    the    theory    that  tantdis- 

r-  ^      r  J  covery 

maggots  were  spontaneously  generated  was 
erroneous.  He  showed  that  by  protecting  a  piece  of 
meat  with  fine  wire  gauze,  so  that  flies  were  prevented 
t*^  depositing  their  eggs  upon  it,  maggots  did  not 
i^ear.  Crude  though  this  experiment  was,  Huxley 
considered  it  the  foundation  of  modern  bacteriological 
technique,  and  the  wire  gauze  was  the  forerunner  of  the 
antiseptic  gauze  of  modern  surgery. 

In  endeavouring  to  trace  the  steps  that  led  to  the 
discovery   of    what  is  now   called   antiseptic 
surgery,  it  should  here  be  mentioned  that  the  the  word 
use   of  the   word  itself    is  of    comparatively  ^^^^eptic 
modern  origin.     The  term  which  is  now  so  generally 


40  THE      EVOLUrrON      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

applied  to  substances  used  to  prevent  or  arrest  putrefac- 
tion or  analogous  fermentive  changes,  is  derived  from 
the  Greek  word  "  anti " — against,  and  "  septikos  " — causing 
putrefaction.  The  first  known  use  of  the  word  anti- 
First  use  of  ^^P^^^  occurs  in  a  work  on  plague,  by  Place, 
the  word  by  in  IJ2I,  to  whom  we  shall  refer  later.  The 
aceini72i  pg^j-g^gj-g^pjj  jj^  which  the  word  occurs  is  as 
follows :  "  This  phenomenon  shows  the  motion  of  the 
pestilential  poison  to  be  putrefactive,  it  makes  the  use 
of  antisepticks  a  reasonable  way  to  oppose  it." 

Until  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  the 
methods  adopted  by  surgeons  in  the  treatment  of 
wounds  made  little  advance.  Wine,  walnut  leaves, 
aloes,  myrrh,  alum,  borax  and  nitre  were  the  principal 
substances  used  as  dressings  up  to  this  time,  while 
boiling  pitch  and  tar  were  the  media  employed 
by     both     naval     and     military     surgeons     to     arrest 

haemorrhage.  The  French  surgeons  were  the 
meth^  of  first  to  inaugurate  a  new  era  in  wound 
w^und^  dressings,  and  early  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
adopted  by  tury  Dclamottc  strongly  advocated  the  use 
surgeons       of    brandy   as   a    dressing   for   wounds.       He 

combined  this  treatment  with  the  use  of 
tincture  of  aloes,  and  in  his  work  on  surgery  he 
describes  how  he  successfully  dressed  wounds  with 
a  pledget  dipped  in  tincture  of  aloes,  with  the 
addition  of  wool  soaked  in  brandy.  Two  bandages 
saturated  in  wine  were  to  be  finally  applied  over 
the  wound  as  a  compress. 

In  1720  the  harmful  effect  of  air  on  wounds  was  again 
recognised  by  Belloste,  a  French  Army  surgeon,  w 
wrote   as  follows :   "  Both  the  Ancients   and   Moder 

agree  on  the  bad  influence  of  air  on  wounds, 

Belloste  ° 

records  the  and  it  is  in  the  vitiated  air  of  the  Army 
of  air" on^"*^^  hospitals  that  we  must  prevent  it  with  all  our 
wounds  power  from  penetrating  the  internal  parts  of 
our  bodies,  and  those  which  are  deprived  of  their 
integuments,  for  fear  it  will  communicate  to  them  its 
harmful  effects."  'M«V  is  a  terrible  ravager  of  wounds,'' 
he  adds,  and  concludes  with  the  significant  statement 


THE      EVOLUTION'      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  49 


that   "the   promptest   methods   of    dressing    ought  to 
be   preferred  to    all    others."      Belloste    followed    the 
example    of    Delamotte   in   using    brandy   as  ^^^^^^ 
a  dressing,  especially  in  wounds  on  the  head,  as  a 
Referring  to  a  wound  on  the  cheek,  he  states 
that   he  employed  with   success  balsam  of   Peru,  but 
in  other  cases  found  brandy,  alcohol  and  wine  to  be  the 
most  effective  form  of  treatment  for  wounds. 

De   Villars,  another   French   Army   surgeon   of  this 
period,  writing  on  the  general  cure  of  wounds,  says  : 
"  What  makes  air  so  harmful  and  causes  the  liquids 
in    the    body  to   corrupt,   is   when  it  is    impregnated 
with  bad  exhalations.       Wounds  ought  then  to  he  dressed 
as  quickly  as  possible.     He  recommended  tutty 
powder,  white  lead,  burnt  lead  and  burnt  alum  on  the  "^ 
as   useful   dressings,   but   for   simple   wounds  ff^Jf^ii^r^ 
he  states  it   is  sufficient   to  wash   them   with 
pure,  luke-warm  water,  or  water  mixed  with  red  wine, 
and   to    apply  a   poultice   soaked   in   brandy.      If    the 
wound  be  deep  it  ought  to  be  washed  and  dried  with  a 
soft  piece  of  lint,  dipped  in  lukewarm  red  wine,  then 
a  bandage   appHed    soaked  in    brandy,   or   a   pledget 
impregnated  with  some  kind  of  balsamic  dressing. 

Some  attempt  at  the  drainage  of  wounds  was  made 
by  Percival  Pott,  Benjamin  Bell,  and  other  famous 
surgeons  of  this  period,  and  a  glimmer  of  light  on  the 
causation  of  internal  disease  began  to  be  manifested. 

In   a   treatise   on   the    Plague,   written  by   Place   in 
1 72 1,  he  makes  the  following  remarkable  statements, 
a    portion    of     which    we     have    previously  ^^^^^,^ 
quoted:    "As    this    phenomenon    shows    the  treatise  on 
motion    of    the     pestilential    poison     to     be  p*^"® 
putrefactive,    it     makes    the    use    of    antisepticks    a 
reasonable    way  to   oppose  it,    and    whatever    resists 
and   is  preservative   against  putrefaction,  admits    not 
of   the    generation   of    insects.      If    this   hypothesis   is 
proceeded  upon,  our  proper  and   promising  materials 
to    yield    medicine     and     for    physical     preparations 
against     it,     such    as     cedar,     Irish     oak,     cinnamon, 

c 


50  THE      EVOLUTION      OK      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

spices,   and   what   was   used   by  the  ancients  in  their 

embalmments   of    dead    bodies ;   for   the   same    virtues 

that    preserved    dead    bodies   from    insects    and 

Place's 

remarkable  Putrefttction  I  know  no  reason  why  they  should 
"^u^t^eflction  "^^  preserve  the  same  bodies  living  from  the 
same  thing''  But,  unfortunately.  Place  did 
not  put  his  theories  into  practice,  although  he  appears 
to  have  clearly  recognised  the  principles  upon  which 
antiseptic  surgery  is  founded. 

About  the  same  period,  Goiffon,  a  medical  practitioner 
of  Lyons,  also  made  some  interesting  observations  on 
the  cause  of  the  plague,  which  was  at  that  time 
decimating  Marseilles.  He  propounded  the  theorj- 
that  the  disease  was  caused  by  a  poison  which  came 
from  without,  and  suggested  that  this  poison  may  be 
propagated  by  little  worms  or  insects.  He  further  sug- 
gested that  ■'  poisonous  insects  brought  from  foreign 
merchandise  into  the  country  and  escaping 
theoi^"o^f  the  into  the  air  of  the  town,  would  produce  all 
puJuV*^  the  fatal  effects  observed  in  plague."  In 
discussing  the  treatment,  he  says  that  a 
contra-poison,  or  anti-toxin,  should  be  sought.  Goiffon's 
theory  certainly  foreshadows  in  a  remarkable  manner 
the  doctrines  to  which  Pasteur  ga\e  utterance  150 
years  later. 

About  the  middle  of  the  century,  the  problem  of 
'  itrefaction,  its  cause  and  effects,  appears  again  to 
^  attracted  the  attention  of  scientific  observers, 
.iinong  the  most  prominent  of  these,  and  one  to  whom 
we  must  allot  a  foremost  place  amongst  the  pioneers 
in  the  investigation  of  antiseptic  agents,  was  Sir  John 
Pringle.  Born  in  Scotland,  in  1707,  the  son  of  a 
Scottish  baronet,  on  leaving  school  he  became  a 
student  of  medicine  at  Edinburgh  University.  From 
thence  he  went  to  Leyden,  working  under  the  famous 
Boerhaave,  and  eventually  graduated  there  in  1730. 
Returning  to  his  native  country,  he  commenced  practice 
in  Edinburgh,  and  a  few  years  later  became  Professor 
of  Pneumatics  at  the  University.  In  1742,  he  was 
appointed  physician  to  the  Earl  of  Stair,  who  was  then 


THE      EVOLUTION       OK       ANTISEKIIC      SUKGEKY  OX 

Commander  of  the  British  Army,  and,  shortly  after- 
wards, was  constituted  physician  to  the  MiUtary 
Hospital  in  Flanders,  and  during  the  time  he  held  that 
office,  served  throughout  the  campaign  in  the  Low 
Countries  as  physician  to  the  British  troops.  During 
this  period  he  made  a  careful  study  of  the 
diseases  prevalent  in  the  army,  the  results  of  sirTohn 
of   which    he    published    in    the    form    of    a  P""&ie,a 

^  _  pioneer  in 

treatise,  which  created  at  the  time  a  revolu-   the  study  of 

.,.,  J.    .  J  antiseptics 

tion  m  military  medicine  and  surgery 
throughout  Europe.  This  work  passed  through  seven 
editions,  and  was  translated  into  French  and  German. 
Pringle  was  the  first  to  propose  that  hospitals  on  both 
sides  should  be  treated  as  sanctuaries  for  the  sick,  and 
mutually  protected.  He  did  much  for  the  improvement 
of  military  hospitals  by  the  introduction  of  ventilation 
into  the  wards  for  the  wounded. 

On  retiring  from  his  military  post  he  returned  to 
Great  Britain,  and  in  1750  commenced  his  investiga- 
tions of  antiseptics,  the  results  of  which  he  com- 
municated in  several  papers  to  the  Royal  Society. 
These  were  entitled  "  Experiments  upon  aseptic  and 
antiseptic  substances,  with  remarks  relating  to  their 
use  in  the  theory  of  medicine."  In  the  course  of 
this  treatise,  he  states,  he  was  led  to  make  his  experi- 
ments on  putrefaction,  by  having  a  large  number  of 
putrid  distempers  under  his  care  in  the  hospitals  c^ 
the  army.  Before  his  time  it  had  been  a  comn  ^  ■ 
beUef  that  alkaline  salts  promoted  putrefac- 
tion, but  Pringle  by  his  experiments  com-  fx'^iefime^nts 
pletely  controverted  this  theory  by  proving 
that  alkali  tended  to  arrest  rather  than  to  promote 
putrefaction ;  to  use  his  own  words :  "  By  some 
mistake  of  the  chemist's,  putrefaction  in  animal 
substances  was  confounded  with  the  idea  of  a 
highly  alkaline  salt."  To  prove  this  he  at  first  carried 
out  a  series  of  experiments  with  alkaline  salts  as 
preservatives  of  beef,  to  demonstrate  their  power  of 
resisting  putrefactive  changes.  He  then  carried  out 
a  similar  series  of  experiments  with  resins  and  gums. 


Sir    John    Pringle 

Famous  Army  Surgeon 

Born  1707.        Died  1782 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  53 

including  myrrh,  which  he  states  he  found  twelve 
times  more  antiseptic  than  sea-water  and  camphor. 
The  results  of  his  investigations  he  embodied  in  a 
table,  which  is  here  produced,  which  claims  to  show 
the  comparative  powers  of  various  solids  : — 

Sea  salt         .         .  i  Salini  mixture  (salt 

Sal  gemmae  .         .  i  +  of       wormwood 

Tartar  vitriolated  2  and  lemon  juice)     3 

Spiritus  Mindereri  Nitre      .         .        •     4  -r- 

(vinegar  and  salt  Salt  of  hartshorn .     4  + 
of  hartshorn)      .2  „      >>  wormwood    4  + 

Tartarus  Solubilis  2  Borax    .         .         .12  + 

Sal  Diureticus      .  2+  Salt  of  amber       .  20  + 

Crude  Sal  Ammo-  Alum     .         .         .30  + 

niacum       .         .  3 

For  these  researches  Sir  John  Pringle  was  awarded 
the  Copley  gold  medal,  and  in  1761  was  appointed 
by  George  III.  to  be  physician  to  the  Queen's  house- 
hold.    He  died  in  1782. 

About  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  a  "grande 
dame  "  of  France  became  so  much  attracted  b}-  the 
study  of  putrefaction  and  its  causes,  that  at  the  age 
of  twenty-three  she  left  the  fashionable  world  which  she 
had  hitherto  adorned,  installed  herself  in  a  laboratory, 
and  began  a  series  of  experiments  which  had  a  real 
practical  aim.  This  unusual  occurrence  is  the  more 
worthy  of  note,  inasmuch  as  the  lady  never  signed 
her  works.  Those  who  know  the  work  entitled : 
"  Essai  pour  servir  k  I'histoire  de  la  Putrefaction,"  a 
volume  of  600  pages,  published  in  1766  by  Didot  the 
younger,  are,  in  all  probability,  unaware  of  ^j^^y 
the  fact  that  the  author  was  Madame  scientist 
d'Arconville.  Her  history  is  remarkable,  eighteenth 
Marie  Genevieve  Charlotte  Darius,  was  the  '=^"*"''y 
daughter  of  Andre  Guillaume  Darius,  secretary  to  the 
King,  and  farmer-general,  and  of  Fran9oise  Gaudicher 
de  la  Hallebardiere.  She  was  born  October  17,  1720. 
On  February  28,  1735,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  she 
was  married  to  Louis  Lazare  Thiroux  d'Arconville,  by 


)i  THE       EVOLfTIOX       OF       ANTISEl'TIC       SURGERY 

whom  she  had  three  children.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
three  she  was  attacked  by  smallpox,  which  was  verj- 
prevalent  at  that  time,  and  terribly  disfigured ;  inasmuch 
that  she  renounced  the  world,  dressed  herself  "  as  an 
old  woman  in  a  cap  and  wings,"  and  gave  herself  up 
_   ^    ,       henceforward    to    the   studv  of    science  and 

Study  of 

science  and  letters.  She  studicd  history,  medicine,  physics, 
chemistry,  and  e\en  followed  the  anatomical 
and  botanical  courses  at  the  Jardin  du  Roi,  thus 
acquiring  knowledge  equally  varied  and  extensive. 
Her  salon  was  attended  by  the  most  distinguished 
men  of  the  period — Turgot,  Malesherbes,  Monttiyen, 
de  Tussieu,  Fourcroy,  Lavoisier,  and  Gresset  were  all 
to  be  met  there.  She  made  several  translations  from 
the  English,  and  herself  published  anonymously  several 
books  which  attained  a  certain  reputation. 

During  the  Terror  she  was  imprisoned  at  Picpus, 
together  with  her  eldest  son,  Thiroux  de  Crosne,  ex- 
lieutenant-general  of  police,  and  her  brother-in-law, 
Angrand  d'Alleray.  both  of  whom  died  on  the  scaffold. 
More  fortunate  than  they,  she  regained  her  liberty  on 
the  gth  Thermidor.  She  died  in  Paris  at  her  hotel, 
Xo.  15.  J^ue  de  Chaume  (now  No.  60,  Rue  des  Archives), 
on  December  24,  1S05,  at  the  age  of  85,  and  was  buried 
in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Nervy. 

Her  works  were  truly  encyclopaedic,  embracing 
history,  literature,  physics,  philosophy,  and  chemistry, 
but  we  are  only  concerned  with  the  "  Essai  pour  servir 
a  I'histoire  de  la  Putrefaction." 

Pringle  had  previously  published  his  researches  on 
the  subject,  and  it  was  Madame  d'Arconville's  aim 
to  complete  his  work,  which  evidently  inspired  her. 
She  understood  the  practical  use  to  which  such 
investigations  might  tend.  "The  studies  of  every 
sensible  man  should  have  a  practical  aim,"  she  wrote 
in  her  preface.  "The  knowledge  of  the  substances 
which  may  delay  or  hasten  putrefaction,"  was  the 
practical  aim  which  she  set  before  herself.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  she  gives  the  name  of  anti- 
septics to  those  substances  which  retard  putrefaction, 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  55 

or  septics  to  those  which  promote  it.  By  a  course 
of  reasoning  she  foresaw  the  possibihty  of  their  use 
in  medicine,  particularh'  in  the  treatment  of  wounds, 
and  gives  an  accurate  classification  of  antiseptics. 
All  her  experiments,  to  the  number  of  300,  were 
conducted  on  similar  lines.  She  placed  in  a  phial  a 
certain  determined  weight  of  the  particular  putrefiable 
substance  which  she  wished  to  investigate,  such 
as  meat,  milk,  eggs,  bile,  and  added  thereto  a  certain 
determined  quantity  (always  the  sarne)  of  the  liquid 
whose  antiseptic  properties  she  wished  to  test.  She 
was  careful  to  note  exactly  the  temperature,  state  of 
the  weather,  directions  of  storms,  etc. ;  moreover,  by 
the  aid  of  blue  paper  or  of  syrup  of  violets,  she 
tested  the  acidity  or  the  alkalinity  of  her  medium. 
Thus  she  was  able  to  compute  the  delay  in  putre- 
faction caused  by  the  action  of  the  antiseptic. 

These    experiments    lasted    ten    years    (i 754-1 764), 
and   we   shall   see   presently   what    her   theories   were 
with  regard  to  matter.     She  begins   by  say- 
ing that  certain  substances  favour  putrefac-      ?Arcc"^ 
tion ;  these  she  calls  septics.     Evidentlv  she      ^'"^'^  "■ 

-  ,  "  pen  merits 

is  speakmg  of  substances  which  ferment 
readily,  such  as  sugar,  gum  arabic,  certain  salts  and 
infusions.  Next,  she  divides  the  substances  examined 
into  thirty-two  classes,  according  to  the  length  of 
time  during  which  they  have  kept  meat  sweet  from 
one  day  to  seven  months.  The  last  class  of  anti- 
septics comprises  those  which,  she  states,  preserve  it 
indefinitely.  She  recorded  her  results  in  the  following 
table  :— 

Metallic  salts. — Corrosive  sublimate,  blue  vitriol, 
subsulphate  of  mercury,  silver  vitriol,  sal  de  Saturne, 
nitre  mercurial. 

Glims  and  resins. — Balsam  of  Peru,  camphor,  Bur- 
gundy pitch,  styrax,  ammoniac. 

Extracts  and  simple  substances. — Extract  of  cinchona, 
powdered  cinchona,  dried  guaicum.  powdered  gall-nuts. 

Vinous  liquids. — Bordeaux,  Arbois,  and  Spanish 
wines. 


56  THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

Acids. — Red  vinegar. 

Fixed  alkalis. — Volatile  salts  of  hartshorn. 

Earths. — Quicklime. 

Juices. — Neutral  salts,  earthy  salts. 

Waters. — None. 

These  substances,  she  says,  not  merely  arrest  putre- 
faction in  decomposing  bodies,  but  also  take  away  the 
corruption  which  depends  upon  it.  She  calls  these  true 
antiseptics  ;  nor  can  we  contradict  her,  seeing  that  her 
list  contains  such  substances  as  corrosive  sublimate, 
sulphate  of  copper,  balsam  of  Peru,  etc.  "  It  is  true," 
she  writes,  '•  that  the  metallic  salts  with  which  I  have 
made  my  experiments  can  for  the  most  part  be  employed 
in  medicine  only  with  much  care  and  precaution,  and 
they  must  even  be  diluted  and  softened  if  they  are  to 
be  used  to  preserve  anatomical  subjects,  such  as  birds 
and  insects.  But  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that 
by  diluting  these  substances  with  water  we  can  diminish 
their  stipticite,  without  diminishing  their  preservative, 
qualities.  By  this  method,  though  we  can 
oiTthecau^  rarelv  use  them  for  the  treatment  of  wounds 
ofputre-       and  diseases,  we  can  at  least  make  them  of 

faction 

service  in  preserving  anatomical  subjects  from 
corruption.  .  .  .  But  without  dwelling  longer  on  this 
point,  the  class  preceding,  furnishes  us  with  plenty  of 
other  antiseptic  substances,  which  we  can  employ 
successfully,  both  in  medicine  and  surger}-,  without 
having  recourse  to  the  metallic  salts."  These  sub- 
stances are  powdered  cinchona,  styrax, benzoin, camphor, 
balsam  of  Peru,  etc.  Madame  d'Arconville  arrived, 
moreover,  at  another  practical  conclusion,  to  which 
she  refers  repeatedly  in  the  course  of  her  work : 
»'.  e.  that  to  prevent  putrefaction,  it  is,  above  all 
things,  necessary  to  exclude  the  outer  air.  This  is 
her  theory  upon  the  subject.  "  Putrefaction  is  a 
natural  process.  Ever}-  organic  body,  as  soon  as 
it  ceases  to  mature,  advances  more  or  less  rapidly 
towards  destruction.  We  may  regard  putrefaction 
as  the  design  of  Nature,  and  the  two  degrees  of 
fermentation    which    precede  it  as  its  preliminaries." 


THE      EVOLUTION       OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  57 

In  her  opinion  it  is  a  simple  problem  of  disintegra- 
tion. The  two  degrees  of  fermentation  to  which  she 
refers,  are  acid  fermentation  and  gaseous  fermentation, 
stages  through  which  all  putrefying  bodies  must  pass. 

Madame  d'Arconville  undoubtedly  deserves  a  place 
among  the  pioneers  of  the  study  of  antiseptics. 

In  1745,  Needham  made  a  series  of  experiments  in 
order  to  show  that  the  higher  forms  of  animal  life, 
which  had  been  supposed  to  arise  from  putrefying 
matter,  came  from  outside  sources.  He  heated 
putrescible  materials  in  vessels  whereto  the  re-entry 
of  atmospheric  air  was  as  rigidly  as  possible  pre- 
vented; if  there  had  been  pre-existent  germs,  he 
urged,  these  must  have  been  destroyed  by  the  high 
temperature  ;  animalculas  were  discovered,  therefore 
these  must  have  been  generated  from  the  organic 
material.  The  result  of  his  experiments  was  after- 
wards systematised  by  Buffon.  The  low 
forms  of  life  were  hitherto  supposed  to  arise  ^p^eli^nts 
from  the  dead  elements  of  matter.  Needham's 
experiments  were  followed  by  Spallanzani,  who  argued 
that  in  the  former's  experiments,  the  temperature  used 
was  not  sufficiently  high  to  destroy  the  vital  properties 
of  the  germs,  and  that  to  suppress  all  production  of 
infusoria,  it  was  necessary  to  maintain  a  boiling 
temperature  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour. 

Sweet-smelling  plants,  such  as  woodruffe,  were  re- 
commended for  medicinal  purposes  by  Linnaeus,  in 
his  Philosophia  Botanica,  in  1751,  where  it  is  stated 
that  such  plants  not  only  drive  away  moths  and  other 
destructive  vermin,  but  also  "  when  chewed,  preserve 
people  from  infectious  disorders."  In  recent  years, 
Klein  has  pointed  out  that  some  plants,  owing  to  their 
strong  odours,  have  a  certain  amount  of  antiseptic 
power.  The  experiments  of  Omeltschenko  have  con- 
firmed the  view  that  the  vapours  of  essential  oils  also 
exercise  a  bactericidal  action.  The  bacillus  of  typhus 
has  been  killed  in  45  minutes  by  air  containing  the 
vapour  from  oil  of  cinnamon  or  oil  of  valerian. 
Similarly,  the   bacillus  of   tuberculosis   was   destroyed 

c* 


David    MacBride.    M.D. 
Born  1726.        Died  1778 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  59 


in  23  hours  by  oil  of  cinnamon,  and  in  12  hours  by  oil 
of  lavender  or  oil  of  eucalyptus.  Essential  oils  have 
been  classified  by  Omeltschenko,  according  to  their 
bactericidal  power,  as  follows: — Cinnamon,  fennel, 
lavender,  cloves,  thyme,  mint,  anise,  eucalyptus,  turpen- 
tine, lemon  and  rose,  the  last  two  being  very  weak  as 
compared  with  the  others.  The  work  done  in  this 
direction  requires  confirmation,  but  the  results  so  far 
obtained,  go  far  to  prove  that  there  was  something  in 
the  notions  which  prevailed  long  ago  with  regard  to  the 
preventive  and  remedial  powers  of  odorous  plants  and 
their  products. 

In    1753,    Pibrac    introduced    a    simple    method    of 
dressing   wounds,    after    an    operation,    which    he    de- 
scribes as  follows :     "  The  sides  of  the  wound  should 
be  brought  together  with  bandages,  and   I   put  others 
of  finer  quality  on  the  wound,  dipped  in  a  mixture  of 
plain    water    and    brandy,    in    which    I    had 
beaten    up    the    whites    of    eggs."       Heister,  Tdvocltes 
writing   in    1763,  stated    his   convictions   that  » simple 
wounds  were  badly  affected  by  the  action  of  dressing 
the    air,    and    recommended    that    dressings  '*'°""'*^ 
should   be   applied   as   rapidly   as  possible.      In    1767, 
Professor    MacBride,    of    Dublin,    carried    out     some 
experiments  on  the  respective  qualities  of  antiseptics. 
In    the    report   of    his    investigations,    he    states    that, 
"  acids  and  alkalis  destroy  putrefaction,  and  give  back 
the  original  softness  to  affected  parts,  but  not  in  live 
bodies."     He  made  a  series  of  interesting  experiments 
to   test   the   antiseptic   power   of    substances  used  by 
physicians  in  antient  times  for  preventing  putrefaction. 
His  method  was  to  place  a  certain  quantity  of  these 
substances  with  fresh   meat,  and   to   note   the   period 
at  which  putrefaction  set  in.     The  results  of 
these  experiments,  he  says,  proved  that  vitriol,  ^^^^/J^^^^ 
sea  salt,  vinegar,  and  lemon  juice  would  keep 
meat  sweet  for  four  days.     He  also  tried  the  effects  of 
several  kinds  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  the  same  manner, 
and    claimed    that  claret   and    Portuguese  white  wine 
possessed   the   greatest   antiseptic   properties.      Crude 


60  THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

as  these  experiments  were,  they  ser\ed  to  attract 
attention,  and  led  others  to  search  for  substances 
of  greater  power  to  prevent  decay. 

The  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Dijon,  in  1770,  offered 
a  prize  for  the  best  treatise  on  Antiseptics.  This  was 
won  by  Bordenave,  a  French  investigator.  His  con- 
clusions are  summed  up  in  an  essay,  in  which  he  states 
that  '•  those  who  occupy  themselves  in  the  search  for 
antiseptic  remedies,  found  their  ideas  on  the  effects 
they  observed  in  testing  the  flesh  of  animals  with 
various  substances.  These  experiments,  however, 
though  throwing  some  light  on  the  subject,  are  illusory 
in  some  respects,  and  quite  insufficient.  The  flesh  on 
which  they  experimented  was  that  of  healthy  animals 
who  died  suddenly,  and  in  which  there  was  no  evidence 
of  putrefaction,  a  state  which  can  hardly  be  compared 
with  that  of  affected  parts.  The  same  treatment 
cannot  be  applied  in  arresting  or  diminishing  putre- 
faction on  a  living  body.  The  most  efficacious 
antiseptics  would  be  employed  in  vain,  and  their  use 
would  be  superfluous,  often  prejudicial,  were  not  the 
nature  and  the  causes  of  the  disease  taken  into 
consideration. 

'•  The  cause  of  putrefaction  in  a  living  body  being 
the  separation  of  too  great  a  quantity  of 
invesuSons  air.  the  chief  use  of  an  antiseptic  ought 
Spu'tJefaction  ^°  ^^  ^°  prcvcut  that  clcmcnt  escaping, 
or  to  give  back  to  the  body,  actually  in 
a  state  of  putrefaction,  a  part  of  the  air  which  it 
has  lost. 

'•  Such  are  the  effects  which  have  been  shown  by 
experiments  to  take  place  with  different  substances 
in  bodies  quickened  by  the  use  of  different  remedies. 
Thus,  in  antiseptics,  it  is  not  only  necessary  to 
consider  the  remedies  which  arrest  actual  putrefac- 
tion, but  those  which  prevent  and  cure  it,  although  in 
appearance  these  remedies  may  be  ver}-  similar. 

*•  It  has  been  recorded  in  Germany  that  a  coating 
of  turpentine  oil  preserved  a  gangrened  leg  for  five 
months,  which  became  as  drv  as  that  of  a  mummv." 


THE      EVOLUTION       OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  61 

Bordenave  strongly  advocated  the  use  of  astringent 
substances  as  preventives  of  putrefaction,  and  states 
that  he  employed  the  same  method  for  preventing 
humid  putrefaction  in  the  foot  of  an  old  man  afflicted 
with  scurvy,  while  waiting  for  nature  to  trace  the 
separation  line  which  occurs  in  the  joint  of  the  foot 
and  leg. 

"  Experiments  have  shown  us,"  he  continues,  "  that 
putrid  animal  exhalations  are  very  pernicious.  A  great 
many  pestilential  diseases  have  been  brought  about  by 
large  quantities  of  locusts  and  dead  whales.  After 
a  battle,  buried  corpses  have  often  given  rise  to 
epidemics.  Ambroise  Pare  records  that  a  great  number 
of  dead  having  been  thrown,  in  1562,  into  a  deep  well, 
there  arose,  two  months  after,  contagious  and  offensive 
fumes,  which  spread  in  the  country  and  round  about, 
and  many  districts  were  infected  with  plague.  What 
is  said  of  putrefied  bodies  can  also  be  applied  to 
noxious  mineral  or  vegetable  matter,  and  it  is  easily 
understood  how  air  which  has  thus  become  changed, 
can  become  in  us  a  cause  of  putrefaction,  by  causing 
a  putrid  fermentation  which  infects  all  the  liquids  in 
our  bodies." 

Following  on  the  simple  lines  suggested  by  Pibrac, 
in  1780,  Hevin,  writing  on  the  treatment  of  wounds, 
states :  "  For  ordinary  wounds  it  is  only  necessary  to 
foment  the  parts  from  time  to  time  with  lukewarm 
water,  vulnerary  water,  or  brandy  distilled  with  two- 
thirds  of  ordinary  water.  Also,  that  sometimes  nature 
alone  is  sufficient  to  heal  wounds,  provided  they  are 
covered  up  with  dry  lint,  to  protect  the  flesh  from 
contact  with  the  air." 

About  1785,  Larrey,  who  was  Surgeon-in-Chief  to 
Napoleon's  "Grande  Armee,"  and  Percy,  another 
famous  military  surgeon  under  the  Consulate  and 
Empire,  both  strongly  advocated  the  use  of  pure 
cold  water  in  the  treatment  of  gunshot  wounds. 
According  to  Rochard,  "  they  eventually  employed  no 
other  dressing  but  pure  water,  with  the  addition 
sometimes  of  alcohol  or  extract  of  lead." 


62  THE      EVOI.UTIDN      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

A    stor}'  is  told  that  after    a    battle  near   Strasburg 

in    17S5,  the   two   surgeons   were   called  to  see   some 

wounded  soldiers,  whose  wounds  were  claimed  to  have 

been  quickly  healed  after  being  dressed  by  an  Alsatian 

,   miller    with    some    miraculous    water.       On 

Larrey  and     .  ...  11      1  •  1 

Percy  use  mvestigatmg  the  so-called  miraculous  water, 
i^n^drSre  Percy  and  Larrey  found  that  it  was  nothing 
wounds  but  water  from  the  millstream  in  which  the 
old  miller  had  dissolved  a  Uttle  alum ;  the  application 
of  the  dressing  being  accompanied  by  some  incanta- 
tions and  cabalistic  signs.  The  surgeons  resolved  to 
experiment  on  their  own  account  with  so  simple  a 
remedy,  and  the  results  astonished  them.  Percy  soon 
became  imbued  with  such  faith  in  the  therapeutic 
value  of  the  pure-water  dressing,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  once  remarked  that  he  would  have  abandoned 
army  surgery  if  he  had  not  been  able  to  use  it. 

Extolled  by  Larrey  and  himself,  the  pure-water 
surgical  treatment  of  wounds  soon  became  known 
throughout  Europe,  and  the  practice  was  adopted  by 
most  army  surgeons.  Alcohol  and  vulnerary  herbs 
were  practically  abandoned,  although  alum,  salt, 
brandy,  and  extract  of  lead  were  still  added  to 
water  or  applied  otherwise,  when  good  water  was  not 
obtainable. 

Percy's  new  method  of  dressing  was  completed  by 
enveloping  the  wound  with  an  impermeable  piece  of 
linen  to  prevent  evaporation. 

Although  many  investigators  came  so  near  the 
mark,  they  never  seemed  to  grasp  the  importance  of 
applying  the  principles  they  had  discovered  to  practical 
utility,  and  though  a  considerable  advance  was  made 
in  the  study  of  antiseptics  during  the  eighteenth 
century,  cauterisation  with  red-hot  irons  survived  until 
its  close,  and  was  even  warmly  advocated  by  Poutteau, 
the  leader  of  the  Lyons  School  of  Surger\-. 


THE      EVOLUTION      OK       ANTISEPTIC      SUKGEKY  63 


CHAPTER     VI 

Antiseptic    Surgery  : 
The    Period    of    Pasteur    and    Lister 

The  advent  o£  the  nineteenth  century  saw  the  dawn 
of  a   new   era,   which    was  destined  to    revolutionise 
the   surgical   art.     The   investigation  of  the   cause  of 
putrefaction   excited  interest  even   beyond  the  world 
of  science,  and  to  Appert,  a  French  confectioner,  we 
owe  the    first    contribution    to    the    growing    .       ^.^ 
knowledge  of  the  principles  underlying  anti-   great 
septics   in   the  nineteenth    century.     He   dis-  discovery 
covered  a  method  of  preserving  meat,  fruit  and  vege- 
tables by  means  of  excluding  the  air  and  hermetically 
sealing  the  vessel  in  which  they  were  contained. 

In  1822,  Treviranus  established  the  fact  that  the 
various  kinds  of  animalculae  observed,  varied  with,  and 
depended  upon,  in  the  case  of  decomposing  vegetable 
macerations,  the  kinds  of  plants  employed.  Gay- 
Lussac  made  an  examination  of  the  air  contained  in 
bottles  in  which  decomposing  substances  had  been 
preserved  by  Appert's  method,  and  finding  that  it 
contained  no  oxygen,  concluded  that  the  presence  of 
oxygen  was  the  chief  cause  of  putrefaction.  This 
view,  however,  was  soon  exploded  by  Schwann 
Schwann  in  1837,  ^^o  made  a  series  of  controverts 
important  experiments  on  putrefaction.  He  Lussacs 
placed  decoctions  of  meat  in  flasks,  steri-  ^°^^ 
Used  the  decoctions  by  boiling,  and  then  supplied 
them  with  calcined  air,  the  power  of  which  to  support 
life  he  showed  to  be  unimpaired.  Under  these 
circumstances,  putrefaction  never  set  in.  Hence  he 
'  concluded  that  putrefaction  was  not  due  to  the  contact 
of  air  alone,  as  affirmed  by  Gay-Lussac,  but  to  some- 
thing suspended  in  the  air,  which  heat  was  able  to 
destroy,  and  thus  exploded  the  latter's  theory. 

In  1835,  Bassi  undertook  an  investigation  of  the 
disease  in  silkworms,  which  was  known  as  musca- 
dine. He  found  and  proved  that  it  was  caused  by 
a  parasite,   and  discovered  that  the  parasite  could  be 


Louis     Pasteur 
Born   1822.  Died  1895 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  65 

killed  by  certain  substances.      He  was  a  man  of  keen 
penetration,    and   foresaw   that    this    discovery   meant 
something  more  than  the  elucidation  of  the  cause  of 
the  silkworm  disease.      He    stated    his   belief 
that   smallpox,  plague,  and   other  contagious  j^^stig-^tes 
diseases    were    produced     by    vegetable     or  the  disease 
animal     parasites,    and     that    gangrene    was  worms,  and 
caused  by  such  entities.     In  his  own  words,  ^^^°?i"f,^/ 
"  observation  and  experiment  demonstrate  to 
us,  that   all  contagions  disappear  or  cease  to  act   in 
the    individual    whom    they    assail,    when    agents    or 
means  are   used  capable  of  destroying  the  life  of  the 
animal  or  vegetable  organism  of  the  lowest  class  that 
produces,  so  to  speak,  contagious  diseases." 

Bassi  actually  cured  certain  ulcerations  by  injec- 
tions of  corrosive  sublimate,  which  is  now  so  largely 
used  in  antiseptic  surgery. 

Schwann's  discovery  was  corroborated,  in  1854,  b}- 
Schrceder,  and,  in  1859,  by  Busch,  when  the  air  sup- 
plied to  the  flask  was  neither  heated  nor  chemically 
acted  upon,  but  simply  allowed  to  pass  through  a 
plug  of  cotton  wool  which  acted  as  a  filter. 

The  investigation  made  by  Pouchet,  who,  with  great 
care,  examined  the  progressive  development  of  living 
forms  in  putrefying  solutions,  must  also  be  p^^^^^^ 
mentioned.  He  concluded  that  organisms  advances  a 
could  be  found  in  organic  solutions  which  "^"^  ^^^°'^ 
had  been  boiled,  and  for  which  no  germs  could  have 
possible  access  as,  instead  of  atmospheric  air,  an 
artificial  atmosphere  or  oxygen  alone  was  admitted 
to  the  flask.  These  conclusions  were  strongly  con- 
tested at  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  by  Milne 
Edwards,  Claude  Bernard,  and  others. 

It  was  1845  before  the  next  step  in  advance  was  made 
in  the  germ  theory  of  disease,  when  Semmelweiss, 
an  Austrian  physician,  discovered  that  puerperal  fever, 
the  rate  of  mortality  from  which  was  terribly  high 
in  the  General  Hospital  at  Vienna,  was  due  to  infec- 
tion borne  from  the  dissecting-room  on  the  hands  of 
the  students,     He  insisted  that   before  proceeding   to 


THE      EVOIXTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


examine  any  patient,  the  student  should  thoroughly 
cleanse  his  hands  with  chlorine  or  chlorinated  lime- 
water.  The  result  of  these  precautions 
methods  reduced  the  death-rate  from  12*24  P^r  cent. 
femmeiweifs  ^^  1-27  pcr  ceut.  But  in  spitc  of  such  extra- 
Ordinary  results,  and  the  vigorous  manner  in 
which  Semmelweiss  advocated  his  doctrines,  the  prin- 
ciples he  laid  down  were  neglected  and  bore  no  fruit. 

The  commencement  of  a  new  epoch  came  as  a 
direct  outgrowth  of  Pasteur's  studies  of  the  fermenta- 
tion of  alcoholic  beverages.  Probably,  no  one  thought 
at  the  time  that  the  result  of  these  researches  would  be 
so  far-reaching  and  prove  of  such  inestimable  benefit 
to  humanity.  •  Pasteur  discovered  not  only  that  the  fer- 
mentation of  beer  and  wine  was  due  to  living  organ- 
isms, but  that  many  other  fermentations,  and  indeed 
all  putrefactions,  were  due  to  the  same  cause.     The 

remarkable  series  of  experiments  which  he 
commences  entered  upon  to  prove  his  theories  must  be 
re'searches  on  regarded  as  ouc  of  the  most  brilliant  dis- 
fermentation    covcries  cvcr  made  in  the  realms  of  science. 

These  he  conducted  with  a  double  object 
in  view,  the  first  being  the  refutation  of  the  doctrine 
of  abiogenesis,  or  spontaneous  generation,  and 
second,  the  establishment  of  the  fact  that  all  fermen- 
tation is  due  to  the  presence  of  minute  organisms 
or  living  germs,  and,  without  these,  the  life  needful 
for  the  process  of  fermentation  could  not  exist. 
He  showed  that  rancid  butter  owed  its  butyric 
fermentation  to  the  presence  of  similar  putrefactive 
infusoria,  and  that  the  presence  of  air  was  destructive 
to  these — in  short,  that  they  throve  without  oxygen. 
Pasteur  divided  microscopic  organisms  into  the  two 
great  classes,  which  he  named  aerobics  and  anaerobies 
respectively.  "  There  is  nothing  in  the  air,"  he  affirmed, 
"  that  is  conditional  to  life  save  the  germ  it  carries," 
and  this  theory  he  set  out  to  prove.  Pouchet  and  his 
followers  at  once  took  up  the  gauntlet  thrown  down 
by  Pasteur,  and  a  long  scientific  duel  between  these 
two  leaders  and  their  disciples  followed. 


THE      E\()I.UTION       OF       ANTISEI'TIC 


The  issue  was  one  of  the  greatest  importance,  and 
Pasteur  renewed  his  researches  so  that  he  might  prove 
his  case  up  to  the  hilt.  He  asserted  that  if  p^g^^^^ 
absolutely  pure  air  could  be  obtained  from  confirms  his 
all  sources,  no  change  would  occur  in  the  ^^^°"^^ 
putrescible  fluid,  and,  to  prove  this,  he  undertook  some 
experiments  at  Chamonix  on  September  20,  i860. 
To  the  summit  of  Montamvert  he  took  twenty  flasks, 
which  were  filled  with  the  pure  air  and  immediately 
hermetically  sealed.  Of  these  only  one  was  found  to 
be  contaminated,  from  which  he  adduced  that  dust 
suspended  in  the  atmospheric  air  is  the  exclusive 
origin  and  the  necessary  condition  of  life  infusions.  He 
further  demonstrated  that  decomposition  of  substances 
and  fluids  was  only  another  form  of  fermentation,  and 
that  animal  fluids,  such  as  blood,  did  not  putrefy,  if 
pure  and  kept  from  the  air,  the  vibrios  of  putrefac- 
tion being  excluded.  In  1862,  Tyndall  confirmed 
Pasteur's  conclusions  and  demonstrated  the 
truth  of  his  inferences  by  experiments  which  Sifilms 
covered   a    number   of    years.       Writing    to  Pasteur's 

•'  "  conclusion 

Pasteur  at  a  later  period,  he  says  :  "  For  the 
first  time  in  the  history  of  science  we  are  justified  in 
cherishing  confidently  the  hope  that,  so  far  as  epidemic 
diseases  are  concerned,  medicine  will  soon  be  delivered 
from  empiricism  and  placed  on  a  real  scientific  basis. 
When  that  great  day  shall  come,  humanity  will,  in  my 
opinion,  recognise  the  fact  that  the  greatest  part  of  its 
gratitude  will  be  due  to  you." 

Pasteur's  later  experiments  led  him  to  the  conclusion 
that  suppuration  was  but  a  fermentation  of  the  flesh, 
and  that  this  might  be  prevented  by  destroying  the 
germs  that  caused  it,  or  by  preventing  their  entrance. 
To  this  end,  in  1862,  he  urged  the  use  of  boric  acid  for 
surgical  purposes,  as  in  the  disinfection  of  the  blood. 

It  was  on  April  30,  1878,  that  Pasteur  gave  his 
famous  lecture,  in  which  he  propounded  the  germ 
theory  in  his  own  name,  and  that  of  Joubert  and 
Chamberlane.  He  began  in  the  following  notable 
words:    "All    science    is   gained   by   mutual    support. 


Pasteu  r  's   Tom  b 
Paris 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


When,  subsequently  to  my  early  communications  on 
fermentation  in  1857-58,  it  was  admitted  that  ferments 
properly  so-called  are  living  beings ;  that  germs  of 
microscopical  organisms  abound  on  the  surface  of  all 
objects  in  the  atmosphere  and  in  water ;  that  the 
hypothesis  of  spontaneous  generation  is  a  chimera ; 
that  wine,  beer,  vinegar,  blood,  and  all  the  liquids  of 
the  economy  are  preserved  from  their  common 
changes,  when  in  contact  with  pure  air — Medicine 
and  Surgery  cast  their  eyes  towards  these  new  lights." 
He  then  proceeded  to  expound,  in  his  masterly 
manner,  the  theories  that  he  had  elaborated.  "  If 
I  had  the  honour  of  being  a  surgeon,"  he  continued, 
I  "  convinced  as  I  am  of  the  dangers  caused  by  the 
germs  of  microbes  scattered  on  the  surface  of  every 
object,  particularly  in  the  hospitals,  not  only  would  I 
use  absolutely  clean  instruments,  but  after  cleansing 
my  hands  with  the  greatest  care  and  putting  them 
through  a  flame  (an  easy  thing  to  do  with  a  little 
practice),  I  would  only  make  use  of  charpie,  bandages 
and  sponges  which  had  previously  been  raised  to  a  heat 
of  from  130°  C.  to  150°  C,  and  I  would  only  employ 
water  which  had  been  heated  from  110°  C.  to  120°  C." 

It  was  Sedillot,  in  March,  1878,  who  first  pro- 
posed   the   word    microbe    to   be   used   as   a  „.  ^       , 

^  _  First  use  of 

generic  term  for  the  class  of   organism   de-  the  term 
scribed  by  Pasteur.     Through  Pasteur's  adop-   ™'" 
tion  of  it,  the  word  soon  became  used  all  over  the  world. 

Pasteur's  later  researches  into  the  causation  of 
splenic  fever  and  hydrophobia,  and  the  attenuation  of 
virus,  are  too  well  known  to  be  recapitulated  here. 

Meanwhile,  surgeons  were  still  groping  in  the  dark  for 
some  dressing  that  would  prevent  the  terrible  Detz, 
mortaUties  that  resulted  in  many  cases  from  fn^'Sfw- 
open   wounds.      In    1858,    Detz    revived    the  son  revive 

i  •        .  .  r         •  1  ,  ,      the  use  of 

antient  practice  of  usmg  an   absorbent  earth  absorbent 
as  a  surgical  dressing.     He  was  followed  by  dreSng 
Schrceder,  who   advocated  a  similar  method  wounds 
in  1863,  and  still  later  by  Hewson,  in  the  United  States, 
in  1872,  whose  method  was  as  follows:  Yellow  clay,  dried 


Lord    Lister 
Born   1827 


THE      EVOLUIION       ol-       ANTISEPTIC      SUKGEKY  U 

and  powdered,  was  sifted  in  fine  muslin  and  applied  to 
the  wound.  This  was  claimed  to  relieve  pain,  diminish 
suppuration,  and  promote  the  process  of  healing.  In 
1865,  Werner  de  Mulhouse  suggested  a  dressing  com- 
posed of  Venice  turpentine,  1000,  sodium  bi-carbonate, 
25,  dissolved  in  distilled  water,  10  litres.  A  little  later, 
the  use  of  turpentine  was  revived  as  a  dressing  for 
wounds  by  Dr.  Bond,  who  claimed  that  it  possessed 
"  incontestably  the  property  of  neutralising  putrid 
odours,"  and  applied  on  the  surface  of  a  wound,  it  ad- 
hered closely,  spreading  a  thin  skin  around  it,  and  thus 
sheltering  it  from  the  air,  an  effect  which  is  lasting,  on 
account  of  the  slowness  with  which  it  evaporates. 

On  the  other  hand,  turpentine  can  be  applied  to  a 
raw  wound  without  harm,  and  it  exercises  on  the 
healing  process  a  marked  and  stimulating  effect. 

In    1854,    the    first    attempts    to    use    carbolic    acid 
as  a  surgical  dressing  were  made  by  Lemaire,  of  Paris  ; 
and  in  1855  it  was  first  employed  at  St.  Mary's 
Hospital  in  London.  carboik 

acid  first 

Although    Pasteur    himself    had    seen    the     used  as  a 
bearing    that    these    discoveries    were    likely     dressing 
to   have   on   the    surgical    art,  it   was   left    to 
Lister  to  carry  out  and  apply  them  to  their  great  life- 
saving  conclusion. 

Joseph  Lister  was  born  on  April  5,  1827,  at  Upton 
in  Essex.  His  father  was  a  merchant  in  the  City  of 
London,  and  he  received  his  early  educa-  Listers 
tion  at  a  school  kept  by  members  of  the  early  life 
Society  of  Friends  at  Tottenham.  He  subsequently 
proceeded  to  University  College,  and  took  his  B.A. 
degree  at  the  early  age  of  twenty.  He  then  spent 
five  years  in  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  medical 
faculty  of  University  College  and  at  University  College 
Hospital,  graduating  in  medicine  in  |  1852.  After 
serving  the  usual  offices  in  hospital  he  determined 
to  visit  Edinburgh  to  obtain  experience  under  Syme, 
to  whom  he  became  assistant. 

In  i860  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Surgery  to 
Glasgow    University,  but  before    leaving  for  that   city 


7-2  THE      EVOLUTION-      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

he  had  already  commenced  his  bacteriological  work 
Appointed  ^  connection  with  antiseptics.  In  1S65,  he 
Professor  of  communicatcd    to    the    Lancet    a    series    of 

Surgery  to 

Glasgow  papers  in  which  he  laid  down,  as  the  basis 
University  ^^  ^^^  mcthods,  the  principles  established  by 
the  philosophical  researches  of  Pasteur. 

Before  Lister's  time,  the  method  devised  by  Syme 
of  Edinburgh  was  that  generally  adopted  in  the  treat- 
symes  uicut  of  wouuds.  Hsemorrhagc,  in  the  case 
methods  of  Small  vcsscls,  was  arrested  by  torsion. 
The  stitches  were  of  silver  wire,  as  recommended  by 
Marion  Sims  in  1857.  Pressure  was  made  on  the 
flaps  or  sides  of  the  wound  by  folded  pads  of  dry 
lint,  and  a  piece  of  the  same  material  was  bandaged 
lightly  over  its  lips.  When  a  complaint  of  pain  and 
a  quickened  pulse  gave  the  warning  of  commencing 
suppuration,  these  dressings  were  removed  by  being 
bathed  with  warm  water,  and  either  a  water  dressing 
covered  with  gutta  percha  tissue  or  a  poultice  was 
applied.  Complete  union  could  not  be  looked  for 
under  any  circumstances  until  the  last  of  the  ligatures 
had  separated,  which  might  be  three  weeks,  or  even 
longer,  after  the  infliction  of  the  wound. 

At  the  period  of  Lister's  appointment  to  Glasgow, 
tetanus,  erysipelas,  septicaemia,  pyaemia,  and  hospital 
gangrene  were  scarcely  ever  absent  from  the  wards 
of  our  hospitals.  There  was  no  certain  knowledge  of 
the  causation  of  these  wound-begotten  diseases,  and 
no  sure  means  of  avoiding  them. 

Many  a  surgeon's  heart  was  well  nigh  broken  by 
these  terrible  visitants  after  he  had  done  everything 
in  his  power  to  bring  about  his  patient's  recovery. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  things  in  Glasgow  when 
Lister  took  up  his  work  there.  Hospital  diseases  were 
distressingly  prevalent,  and  the  fate  of  every  patient 
who  suffered  from  a  wound  had  to  be  regarded 
wor^in  with  some  degree  of  anxiety.  These  con- 
Giasgow  ditions  produced  in  Lister's  mind  a  sense  of 
discontent  with  things  as  they  were,  although  others 
appeared  to  regard  them  as  inevitable. 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  73 

He  began  by  insisting  on  scrupulous  cleanliness  in 
the  wards,  on  the  frequent  washing  of  the  hands  of 
all  those  assisting  at  operations  or  engaged  in  the 
dressing  of  wounds,  while  he  constantly  used  various 
deodorant  lotions  and  recommended  the  frequent 
changing  of  dressings  in  all  suppurating  wounds. 

In  an  address  that  he  gave  at  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  in  Dublin,  in  1867,  he 
observed  "  that  when  it  had  been  shown  by  the  re- 
searches of  Pasteur  that  the  septic  properties  of  the 
atmosphere  depended  not  on  oxygen  or  any  gaseous 
constituent,  but  on  minute  organisms  suspended  in  it, 
which  owed  their  energy  to  their  vitality,  it  occurred 
to  me  that  the  decomposition  of  the  injured  part  might 
be  avoided,  without  excluding  the  air,  by  applying  as 
a  dressing  some  material  capable  of  destroying  the  life 
of  the  floating  particles."  The  material  he  was  first  led 
to  use  was  carbolic  acid,  and  he  determined  to  try 
what  power  it  might  possess  in  preventing  putrefactive 
changes  in  a  case  of  compound  fracture.  At  that  time 
compound  fractures  were  the  dread  of  surgeons,  and 
amputations  the  general  rule.  A  method  of  using  the 
antiseptic  was  soon  adopted,  and  carried  out  in  a 
series  of  cases  with  the  most  astonishing  results  :  the 
injuries  followed  the  same  quiet  course  as  if  the  skin 
had  remained  unbroken. 

Lister  first  made  his  system  of  treatment  known  to 
Pasteur  in  the  following  letter  which  he   wrote   from 
Edinburgh  to  the  French  scientist  on  February  13, 1874. 
"  My  dear  Sir, 

"  Allow  me  to  beg  your  acceptance  of  a  pamphlet 
which  I  send  by  the  same  post,  containing  an 
account  of  some  investigations  into  the  subject  which 
you  have  done  so  much  to  elucidate,  the  germ  theory 
of  fermentative  changes.  I  flatter  myself  that  you 
may  read  with  some  interest  what  I  have  written  on 
the  organism  which  you  were  the  first  to  describe  in 
your  '  Memoire  sur  la  fermentation  appelee  lactique.' 
"  I  do  not  know  whether  the  records  of  British 
surgery  ever  meet  your  eye.      If  so,  you  will  have 


74  THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC     SURGERY 


seen,  from  time  to  time,  notices  of  the  antiseptic 
system  of  treatment,  which  I  have  been  labouring 
for  the  last  nine  years  to  bring  to  perfection. 

"  Allow  me  to  take  this  opportunity  to  tender  you 
my  most  cordial  thanks  for  having,  by  your  brilliant 
researches,  demonstrated  to  me  the  truth  of  the  germ 
j^^  theory   of  putrefaction,   and  thus  furnished 

writes  to  me  with  the  principle  upon  which  alone  the 
antiseptic  system  can  be  carried  out. 
Should  you  at  any  time  visit  Edinburgh,  it  would, 
I  believe,  give  you  sincere  gratification  to  see  at  our 
hospital  how  largely  mankind  is  being  benefited  by 
your  labours. 

'•  I  need  hardly  add  that  it  would  afford  me  the 
highest  gratification  to  show  you  how  greatly  surgery 
is  indebted  to  you. 

'•  Forgive  the  freedom  with  which  a  common  love 
of  science  inspires  me,  and 

"  Believe  me,  with  profound  respect, 
" Yours  \ery  sincerely, 

"Joseph  Lister." 
The  complete  story  of  Lister's  early  experiments  in 
the  antiseptic  treatment  of  wounds  is  best  told  in  his 
own  words,  which  we  have  extracted  from  an  historic 
letter  he  wrote  early  in  1906  to  Sir  Hector  Cameron: — 
"  In  treating  surgical  cases  antiseptically,  I  always 
endeavoured  to  avoid  the  direct  action  of  the  anti- 
septic substance  upon  the  tissues,  so  far  as  was 
consistent  in  the  existing  state  of  knowledge  with 
attaining  the  essential  object  of  preventing  the 
development  of  injurious  microbes  in  the  part 
concerned. 

"  In  compound  fracture,  to  which,  in  1865,  I  first 
put  in  practice  the  antiseptic  principle,  I  applied  un- 
diluted carbolic  acid  freely  to  the  injured 
ai^omitof  part  in  order  to  destroy  the  septic  microbes 
M  *SLts  already  present  in  it;  regarding  the  caustic 
action  which  I  knew  must  occur  as  a  matter 
of  small  moment  compared  with  the  tremendous  evil 

But  when  this  had  once 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  75 


been  done  no  further  direct  action  of  the  antiseptic 
upon  the  tissues  occurred.  The  carboHc  acid  formed 
with  the  blood  a  dense  chemical  compound,  which, 
together  with  some  layers  of  lint  steeped  in  the  acid, 
produced  a  crust  that  adhered  firmly  to  the  wound 
and  the  adjacent  part  of  the  skin.  This  crust  was  left 
in  place  till  all  danger  was  over,  its  surface  being 
painted  from  time  to  time  with  the  acid,  to  guard 
against  the  penetration  of  septic  change  into  its 
substance.  Meanwhile  in  the  undisturbed  wound 
the  beautiful  result  occurred  that  the  material  of 
the  crust  within  it,  and  the  portions  of  tissue  which 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  caustic,  were  replaced  by 
living  tissue  formed  at  their  expense. 

"  That  dead  tissue,  when  protected  from  external 
influences,  was  so  disposed  of,  was  a  most  important 
truth,  new  to  pathology;  and  it  afterwards  suggested 
the  idea  of  the  catgut  Hgature. 

"  I  do  not  remember  whether  you  saw  the  case  that 
led  me  to  apply  the  antiseptic  principle  to  abscess. 
The  patient  was  a  woman,  above  the  middle  period 
of  life,  with  lumbar  abscess.  Taught  by  the  disastrous 
results  that  sooner  or  later  followed  the  evacuation 
of  such  abscesses,  whether  by  valvular  opening  or  by 
cannula  and  trocar,  I  left  the  case  undisturbed,  till 
one  day,  on  looking  at  it,  I  found  that  nothing  but 
epidermis  seemed  to  intervene  between  the  pus  and 
the  external  world,  so  that  if  left  for  another  da}^  it 
would  in  all  probability  burst. 

"  I  therefore  resolved  to  open  it,  and  apply  a  dress- 
ing which  should  imitate,  as  much  as  circumstances 
permitted,  that  which  we  used  in  compound  fractures. 
The  pus  which  escaped  on  incfision  was  as  thick  as 
any  I  ever  saw.  Mixing  some  of  it  with  undiluted 
carbolic  acid,  I  applied  some  layers  of  Unt,  soaked 
with  the  mixture,  to  the  wound  and  surrounding  skin, 
and  covered  them  with  a  piece  of  thin  block  tin, 
moulded  to  proper  shape,  such  as  we  used  for  covering 
the  crust  in  compound  fracture.  This  metal  covering, 
which  prevented  loss  of  carbolic  acid  by  evaporation 


76  THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

and  soaking  into  surrounding  dressings,  was  fixed  by 
strapping,  and  a  folded  towel  was  bandaged  over  it 
to  absorb  discharge. 

"  Next  day,  on  changing  the  dressing,  I  was  greatly 
astonished  to  see  nothing  escape  from  the  incision 
except  a  drop  or  two  of  clear  serum.  What  was  now 
to  be  done  ?  I  had  no  longer  any  pus  to  mix  with  the 
carbolic  acid.  But  it  occurred  to  me  that  I  might 
make  a  satisfactory  crust  by  mixing  carbolic  acid 
with  glazier's  putty.  Accordingly  I  sent  to  the  dis- 
pensary for  some  whiting  and  boiled  linseed  oil,  and 
making  a  solution  of  one  part  of  carbolic  acid  in  four 
of  the  oil,  rubbed  it  up  with  whiting  in  a  mortar,  thus 
making  a  carbolic  putty.  This  I  spread  on  a  piece 
of  block  tin  and  appUed  it  as  I  had  done  the  first 
dressing.  There  never  was  any  further  discharge  of 
pus ;  the  serous  oozing  diminished  rapidly,  and,  before 
long,  healing  was  complete. 

"  In  that  case,  as  there  was  no  spinal  curvature, 
I  could  not  be  sure  that  the  abscess  was  connected  with 
the  vertebras.  But  similar  results  afterwards  followed 
the  same  treatment  where  discharge  of  bone  showed 
that  such  connection  existed,  and  also  in  suppuration 
of  the  hip  joint,  whether  attended  with  shortening 
of  the  limb  or  not,  scrupulous  care  being  taken  to 
keep  the  affected  part  completely  at  rest.  The  time 
required  for  final  closing  of  the  sinus  was,  however, 
generally  much  longer  than  in  the  first  case. 

"  Precisely  the  same  beautiful  result,  so  entirely 
novel  and  so  full  of  deep  interest,  both  for  pathology 
and  practice,  was  seeu  when  acute  abscesses  were 
treated  in  the  same  way,  the  only  difference  being 
that,  in  the  acute  cases,  the  serous  oozing  which 
followed  evacuation  of  the  pus  came  much  more 
rapidly  to  a  conclusion. 

"  In  order  to  ensure  freedom  of  escape  for  the 
serum,  a  narrow  strip  of  lint  soaked  with  a  solution 
of  carbolic  acid  in  four  parts  of  olive  oil  was  inserted 
in  the  incision.  But  the  antiseptic  substance  was 
never  from  first  to  last  apphed  to  the   cavity  of  the 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  // 

abscess,    as    such    treatment    could    only   have    been 
productive  of  needless  irritation. 

"  I  continued  to  use  a  strip  of  lint  as  a  drain  for 
about  five  years,  with  perfectly  satisfactory  results. 
But  in  1871,  having  opened  a  very  deeply-seated  acute 
abscess  in  the  axilla,  I  found,  to  my  surprise,  on 
changing  the  dressing  next  day,  that  the  withdrawal 
of  the  lint  was  followed  by  escape  of  thick  pus  like 
the  original  contents. 

"  It  occurred  to  me  that  in  that  deep  and  narrow 
incision  the  lint,  instead  of  serving  as  a  drain,  might 
have  acted  like  a  plug,  and  so  reproduced  the  conditions 
present  before  evacuation.  Taking  a  piece  of  the 
indiarubber  tubing  of  a  Richardson's  spray  producer 
that  I  had  used  for  local  anaesthesia  at  the  operation, 
I  cut  holes  in  it  and  attached  knotted  silk  threads  to 
one  end,  so  improvising  a  drainage  tube.  This  I  put 
to  steep  for  the  night  in  a  strong  watery  solution  of 
carbolic  acid,  and  introduced  it  in  place  of  the  lint 
on  changing  the  dressing  next  morning.  The  with- 
drawal of  the  lint  had  been  followed  by  discharge  of 
thick  pus  as  before,  but  next  morning  I  was  rejoiced 
to  find  nothing  escape  unless  it  were  a  drop  or  so  of 
clear  serum.  This  rapidly  diminished,  and  within  a 
week  of  the  opening  of  the  abscess  I  was  able  to  take 
leave  of  my  patient,  the  discharge  from  the  abscess 
cavity  having  entirely  ceased. 

"  After  that  case,  I  used  drainage  tubes,  as  a  rule, 
in  the  treatment  of  abscesses.  But  it  is  well  to 
remember  that  if  such  a  tube  should  not  be  at  hand, 
a  narrow  strip  of  lint — sterilised,  of  course,  with  some 
trustworthy  antiseptic  solution — will  in  almost  every 
case  answer  the  purpose  equally  well. 

"  The  crude  carbolic  acid  which,  under  the  name  of 
German  creosote,  was  supplied  to  me  by  my  colleague 
Dr.  Anderson,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  University 
of  Glasgow,  was  a  brown  liquid  which  had  been 
adulterated  with  water,  and  this  lay  on  the  top  as  a 
clear  layer  destitute  of  any  flavour  of  carbolic  acid. 
This  led  me  in  my  first  paper  on  compound  fracture. 


78  THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

to  speak  of  carbolic  acid  as  absolutely  insoluble  in 
water.  But  when  it  was  afterwards  produced  in  a 
comparatively  pure  condition  in  colourless  crystals, 
it  proved  to  be  capable  of  being  taken  up  by  water, 
though  twenty  parts  were  required  for  the  purpose. 
The  watery  solution,  however,  though  weak  numeri- 
cally, showed  itself  to  be  exceedingly  potent  as  an 
antiseptic.  Having  applied  it  to  a  foul  sore  in  the 
palm  of  the  hand.  I  found  on  changing  the  dressing 
next  day  that  all  putrefactive  odour  had  disappeared. 

"This  enabled  me  to  use  carbolic  acid  for  washing 
wounds  after  operations,  and  so  to  extend  the  applica- 
tion of  the  antiseptic  principle  to  surgery  in  general. 
In  the  state  of  knowledge  at  that  early  period,  it 
seemed  imperative  to  apply  a  powerful  germicide  to 
the  wound  before  closing  it.  To  use  undiluted 
carbolic  acid  for  operation  wounds,  as  I  had  done  in 
compound  fracture,  was  out  of  the  question ;  and 
carbolic  oil.  though  I  did  indeed  tr}-  it,  was  ill  adapted 
for  the  purpose.  But  the  watery  solution  could  be 
satisfactoril}-  used  not  only  for  washing  the  wound, 
but  also  for  purifying  the  surrounding  skin,  the  hands 
of  the  operator,  and  the  instruments. 

"  The  entire  absence  of  carbolic  acid  in  the  layer 
of  water  on  the  '  German  creosote '  with  which  I  made 
my  first  attempts  with  compound  fractures,  indicates 
that  there  were  present  in  the  crude  product,  substances 
for  which  the  acid  had  incomparably  greater  attraction 
than  it  had  for  water.  When  purified  from  these 
substances,  it  is  indeed  soluble  in  water,  but  only  in 
small  amount ;  and  being  so  feebly  held  by  water 
it  is  free,  when  in  watery  solution,  to  act  upon  other 
matters  for  which  it  has  stronger  attraction.  Thus 
was  explained  the  remarkable  germicidal  energy  of 
a  lotion  containing  only  a  twentieth  part  of  carbolic 
acid,  as  illustrated  by  the  foul  sore  in  the  hand  before 
referred  to. 

"  With  linseed  oil,  on  the  other  hand,  the  acid  could 
be  mixed  in  any  proportion,  and,  being  firmly  held 
by   the  oil,  it  was  mild    in  action,  though   present  in 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  79 

the  large  proportion  of  i  to  4,  as  used  in  the  carboUc 
putty.  The  i  to  4  carbolic  oil  is  bland  when  applied 
to  the  tip  of  the  tongue,  whereas  the  i  to  20 
watery  solution  is  intolerably  pungent. 

"The  acid  in  the  watery  solution,  while  potent  in 
action  when  applied,  is  soon  dissipated,  whereas  it  is 
slow  in  leaving  the  oil.  Hence  the  watery  solution, 
powerful  but  transient  in  operation,  was  admirably 
adapted  for  application  to  a  cut  surface  as  a  deter- 
gent, while  the  carbolic  putty,  bland  in  action,  and 
serving  long  as  a  store  of  the  antiseptic,  could  be 
used  with  good  effect  not  only  for  abscesses  but  also 
as  an  external  dressing  for  operation  wounds,  and 
for  that  purpose  I  long  employed  it.  The  putty  was 
used  in  a  layer  spread  on  calico,  freely  overlapping 
the  skin  around  the  wound  and  covered  with  a  folded 
cloth  to  absorb  the  serum  that  flowed  from  beneath 
its  edges.  Although  this  mode  of  dressing  gave  place 
in  time  to  others  which  were  more  convenient,  the 
change  effected  under  its  use,  at  that  early  period,  was 
of  the  most  striking  character ;  healing  without  suppura- 
tion, pain  or  fever,  instead  of  being  the  rare  exception, 
became  the  rule,  and  operations  were  safely  performed 
which  had  previously  been  utterly  prohibited  on 
account  of  the  danger  that  attended  them;  while 
pyaemia  and  hospital  gangrene,  which  had  before  been 
disastrously  rife,  were  banished  from  my  wards. 

"  Epidermis  is  a  substance  for  which  carbolic  acid 
has  special  attraction ;  and  this,  coupled  with  the 
facility  with  which  the  acid  blends  with  oily  matters, 
renders  it  peculiarly  fitted  for  purifying  the  skin  about 
the  seat  of  operation  and  the  surgeon's  hands. 
Another  property  which  aids  its  action  as  a  detergent 
is  its  great  penetrating  power,  not  limited  by  the 
products  of  its  chemical  action  upon  organic 
substances. 

"  I  used  the  i  to  20  watery  solution  for  rendering 
the  patient's  skin  and  the  hands  of  myself  and  my 
assistants,  aseptic,  throughout  the  40  years  during 
which    I    practised    on    the    antiseptic    principle,    and 


80  THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 

I  never  had  any  reason  to  doubt  its  efficacy.  No  long 
time  is  required  for  its  action.  In  my  private  practice, 
the  purification  of  the  skin  was,  as  a  rule,  not  begun 
till  I  entered  the  patient's  room  to  perform  the  opera- 
tion. The  part  concerned  was  then  thoroughly  washed 
with  the  I  to  20  carbolic  solution,  and  was  kept 
covered  with  lint  soaked  with  the  same  lotion,  while  the 
instruments  were  being  attended  to  and  the  anaesthetic 
administered,  the  whole  process  occupying  only  about  a 
quarter  of  an  hour.  Yet  experience  showed  that  this 
brief  period  was  sufficient. 

"  It  may,  perhaps,  be  argued  that  under  the  carbolic 
putty,  or  any  other  dressing  containing  carbolic  acid, 
that  volatile  agent  was  perpetually  acting  on  the  skin, 
and  may  have  made  up  for  deficiencies  in  the  original 
purification.  But  during  several  years,  before  I  gave 
up  practice,  the  dressings  did  not  owe  their  virtues  to 
any  volatile  antiseptic. 

"  I  cannot  but  think  it  a  happy  circumstance  that  the 
substance,  which  I  employed  first  in  endeavouring  to 
apply  the  antiseptic  principle,  should  have  been  so 
admirably  adapted  for  detergent  purposes.  And  it  has 
grieved  me  to  learn  that  many  surgeons  have  been  led 
to  substitute,  needlessly,  protracted  and  complicated 
measures  for  means  so  simple  and  efficient. 

"  As  an  instance  of  trouble  misapplied  in  this 
matter  may  be  mentioned  preliminary  washing  with 
soap  and  water.  If  carbohc  acid  is  the  disinfectant 
used,  such  washing  is  not  only  wholly  unnecessary, 
but  is,  I  believe,  positively  injurious,  as  it  must  tend 
to  check  the  penetration  of  the  germicide  into  the 
substance  of  the  epidermis  by  saturating  it  with 
water  for  which  carbolic  acid  has  so  little  affinity. 
That  this  practice  is  superfluous  is,  I  venture  to 
think,  proved  by  my  experience,  as  I  never  in  any 
case  adopted  it." 

"While  others,"  said  Sir  Hector  Cameron,  "had 
attempted  by  the  use  of  carbolic  acid  and  other 
antiseptics  to  lessen  the  discharge  from  suppurating 
surfaces,    Lister   taught   that   its    beneficial   influence, 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  81 

as  he  employed  it,  was  entirely  due  to  its  germicidal 
action  and  its  consequent  power  against  the  sources 
of  disturbance  which  existed  in  the  dust  of  the 
surrounding  air,  and  in  such  surfaces  and  objects  as 
had  come  in  contact  with  the  air.  He  had  long 
taught  that  wound  inflammation  and  its  consequences, 
were  due  to  the  chemical  changes  which  occurred  in 
the  putrefaction  of  blood  and  serum,  but  only  began 
to  realise  the  character  of  the  interaction  of  wounds 
without  side  agencies,  after  Pasteur  had  published  his 
researches  on  fermentations  in  the  early  sixties." 

The  success  of  his  experiments  led  Lister  to  apply 
his  principles  to  a  more  extended  field,  and  their 
application  was  attended  with  equally  good  The  success 
results.  Operations  were  performed  with  o*  Lister's 
success,  which  formerly  could  have  ended 
only  in  failure,  and  thus  Lister  developed  his  anti- 
septic system   of  treatment. 

Antiseptic  surgery  cannot  be  said  to  have  been 
heralded  by  a  single  brilliant  discovery,  but  is  a 
process  that  has  developed  slowly,  step  by  step  only, 
after  careful  experiment  and  long  and  patient  research. 

Lister's   doctrines   were    received   at    first   with    the 
greatest    scepticism   and    distrust    by   the    profession. 
Sir  James  Simpson  and  others  regarded  the 
theorv   of   atmospheric    germs   as    "  mvthical  Sceptics  of 

^  "^  •'  Listensm 

fungi,"     while    some    compared    them    to    a 

revival  of  the  belief  in  the    aerial   sylphs  and  spirits 

of  the  Rosicrucian  philosophers. 

Meanwhile,  other  investigators  were  pursuing  experi- 
ments on  Lister's  principles,  and  at  the  meeting  of  the 
International  Medical  Congress  in  1867,  Bourgade 
suggested  a  method  of  dressing  wounds  after  ampu- 
tation, which  he  claimed  to  have  employed  with 
considerable  success. 

It  consisted  in  well  sponging  and  drying  the  wound, 
and   covering   it   with   pieces   of   lint    dipped 
in  a  solution  of  chloride  of  iron.     This  was  methfd'^^^ 
covered    with    dry    lint,    kept    in    place    by 
adhesive  strapping.     The  year  following,  Campbell  de 


THE      EVOLUTION      OK      ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY 


Morgan  advocated  the  use  of  chloride  of  zinc  as  a 
wound  dressing,  and  employed  it  at  the  Middlesex 
Hospital.  Among  other  substances  also  suggested  and 
employed  at  this  time  were  iron  sulphate  by  Monsell, 
iodine  and  potassium  permanganate  by  Duval,  which 
were  largely  employed  in  America.  Thymic  acid 
was  suggested  by  Paquet,  Lewin,  and  Ranke,  and 
salicylic  acid  by  Lister,  Thiersch,  and  others. 
A  solution  of  chloral  hydrate  was  stated  to  be 
remarkable  for  its  prompt  and  healing  powers 
as  a  dressing  in  case  of  serious  wounds,  and  was 
largely  employed  for  that  purpose  in  Italy. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year  1877,  Lister  was 
invited  to  take  up  the  duties  of  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  in  King's  College,  London,  and 
a'^oTnted  surgcou  to  the  hospital.  When  he  took  up 
Professor  his  resideucc  in  London  he  was  still  using 
surge'^yat  carboliscd  gauze,  the  carbolic  spray  and 
?5'V5^         oiled  silk,  but  he  was  ever  on  the  search  for 

College  ' 

improvements,  and  aimed  at  the  simplification 
of  his  methods  and  the  avoidance  or  irritation  of  the 
wound  b}'  the  processes  employed.  When  corrosive 
sublimate  was  proved  to  be  a  more  powerful  anti- 
septic than  carbolic  acid  he  experimented  with  it 
largely,  and  ultimately  suggested  a  dressing  of  gauze 
impregnated  with  the  double  cyanide  of  mercury  and 
zinc,  which  is  still  so  largely  employed.  Ultimately, 
when  it  was  proved  that  the  carbolic  spray  was  in- 
effectual as  a  means  of  destroying  the  organisms  in 
dust,  Lister  decided  to  abandon  it,  and  thus  the  system 
of  asepsis  has  now  developed  from  Listerism.  The 
results  attending  the  surgeon's  efforts  to  prevent  the 
access  of  organisms  to  surgical  wounds  have  been 
remarkable,  and  deaths  from  sepsis  have  been  dimin- 
ished to  an  extraordinary  extent.  Lister  was  probably 
the  first  to  use  a  dressing  sterilised  by  heat,  and  was 
the  undoubted  originator  of  many  of  the  principles 
that  have  been  adopted  in  modern  surgery. 

Referring    to    the    advent    of     aseptic    surgery,    an 
amusing    story    is    told    of    a    veterinary    surgeon    in 


THE      EVOLUTION      OF       ANTISEPTIC      SURGERY  OS 

Yorkshire,  who  practised  over  a  century  ago,  and  was 
famed  throughout  the  countryside  as  a  most  successful 
operator.  When  asked  as  to  his  method 
of  treatment,  he  always  evaded  the  question  fj/uislu^n 
with  great  astuteness,  and  would  never  give 
away  the  secret  of  his  success.  At  length,  when  he 
grew  to  be  a  very  old  man,  and  became  bowed  down 
with  age  and  weight  of  years,  he  was  again  implored 
by  his  son  to  tell  him,  before  he  died,  what  he  did 
in  the  secret  half-hour  that  he  always  gave  himself 
before  operating.  Life  was  ebbing,  when  the  old  man 
at  length  whispered,  with  his  passing  breath,  into  his 
son's  ear,  "  I  biles  my  tools." 

Thus,  in  ignorance  and  unconscious  of  the  cause, 
he  had  achieved  his  success  by  the  application  of  the 
principle  on  which  aseptic  surgery  has  since  been 
based. 

Lucas-Championniere    once    said    that    there    were 
only  two  periods  in   surgery — that  before  Lister,  and 
that  since   Lister,  and  all  must  admit,  in  considering 
the    history     of    the    subject,    that    the    line 
indeed  is  very  marked.      Fifty  years  ago,  the  Before 
idea  of  a  wound  was  inseparable  from  that  andsLce 
of  fever.      At  the  private  clinic  of  a  famous 
surgeon  in  Germany,   80  per  cent,  of   all  wounds,  he 
states,     were     attacked    by     hospital    gangrene,     and 
erysipelas   after  an  operation    was   almost   considered 
normal.     When   we    compare  this  statement  with  the 
conditions     that      prevail     at     the    present    time,    as 
instanced    in    our    hospitals,    some   idea   may  be   con- 
ceived of  the  line  dividing  these  two  periods.     At  the 
London   Hospital,  to-day,  it  is  stated  that  98  per  cent, 
of  the  wounds  in  operations  heal  by  first  intention. 

Thus,  in  recapitulating  the  story  of  the  immortal 
work  done  by  Pasteur  and  Lister,  it  has  been  shown 
that  the  debt  humanity  owes  to  the  two  great  minds 
which  evolved  the  principles  on  which  modern  sur- 
gery is  founded,  is  one  that  can  never  be  repaid. 


'SqLOiD'  BRAND  Antiseptics 


B»?i»os  WQitmt  1 1». 


r'SOLOID'  - 
Boric  Acid 


gt.6    (0.3B9   gmj 


Eegular  packing  of 
■  Soloid  '  Products 


Ontogeny  is  but  a  brief  and  rapid  recapitulation  of  phylogeny, 
and,  to  be  able  to  grasp  facts  in  the  wider  application,  it  is 
necessary  to  have  a  sound  knowledge  of  ontogenic  detail. 

The    previous    pages    are    pregnant    with 

m         interest,    and  bear  reference  to  many  whose 
names    merit    honour    from    mankind,     irre- 
spective  of  race  or  country. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  the  gradual 
changes  in  the  methods  of  applying  anti- 
septics made  by  Lord  Lister  himself,  from 
the  crude  carbolic  acid  supplied  to  him  by  his 
colleague,  Dr.  Anderson,  the  Professor  of 
Chemistry  at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  to 
the  spray,  the  carbolised  gauze,  and  finally 
the  double  cyanide  gauze  dressing. 

Other  agencies,  quite  unobtrusive,  yet  steady 
and  persevering,  have  been  at  work  to  supply 
the  wants  of  those  workers  in  the  forefront  of 
the  battle  against  septic  contamination.  Dirt,  or  at  any  rate 
surgical  dirt,  is  now  practically  unknown  in  the  operating 
theatre,  and  the  evolution  by  which  the  surgeon 
of  to-day  lias  had  placed  at  his  com- 
SoiutkfnT  niand,  in  the  form  of  the  'Soloid" 
instantly  Brand  Antiseptics,  the  means  of 
prepar  instantaneously  preparing  solutions  of 

accurate  strength  and  in  any  required  quantit}-, 
simply  by  the  addition  of  water,  merits  some 
mention. 

The  word  'Soloid'  is  a  brand  which  desig- 
nates fine  products  issued  by  Burroughs 
Wellcome  &  Co. ,  and  which  is  applied  by  them 
to  a  special  range  of  products  designed  to  supply 
portable  and  reliable  antiseptics,  astringents  and 
aniesthetics,  stains  for  microscopic  work  and 
reagents  for  the  scientific  examination  of  potable 
waters,  sewage  or  urine,  etc. 

To  procure,  at  any  time,  antiseptic  solutions  suitable  for 
any  occasion   within    the  wide    range  of  surgical   application, 


Specially  de- 
signed bottle  for 
Si'loid  ■   products 
of  potent  poisons 


BRAND      ANTISEPTICS 


from  ihe  most  trifling  accident  to  major  operations,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  place  a  suitable  '  Soloid'  product  in  the  requisite 
amount  of  sterile  water,  when  a  solution  of  the  required 
strength  is  at  hand,  as  for  example,  one  '  Soloid  '  product 
Corrosive  Sublimate,  875  gm. ,  dissolved  in  one  pint  of  water, 
forms  a  solution  of  I  in  1 000. 

The  '  Soloid  '  Brand  Products  are  issued  to  the  medical 
profession,  in  small  bottles  and  in  tubes,  and  are  of  such  con- 
venient compactness  that  ample  supplies  can  be  carried  in  a 
pocket-case. 

The  introduction  of  a  specially-shaped  bottle  in  which 
'Soloid'  products  of  the  more  potent  poisons  are  packed  is 


not  only  an  admirable  safeguard,  but  is,  at  the  same  time,  a 
further  advantage  in  enabling  the  medical  man  to  pick  up  the 
more  potent  antiseptics  by  sense  of  feeling  alone. 

The  poisonous  substances  are  further  differentiated  by  the 
addition  of  a  harmless  colouring  matter,  the  tint  of  which  is 
also  conferred  to  the  solution  when  made  up. 

Among,    and    in    addition    to,    the    advantages    which  the 
'Soloid'    products   place    before    the    professional 
man  who  is  particular  with  regard  to  his  antiseptics,     jn^s'treng^th 
there   is   a   further    one,    that   'Soloid'    products,     and 
however  long  they  may  be  kept,  cannot  lose  strength 
nor  suffer  deterioration  such  as  all  solutions  are  more  or  less 
liable  to. 

A  momentary  mental  contrast  of  the  preparation  for  a 
surgical  case,  with  the  sending  on,  or  ordering  of,  various 
bottles  of  antiseptic  fluid,  as  against  the  placing  of  a  few 
'Soloid'  products  in  the  corner  of  the  instrument  bag,  is 
one  which  merits  consideration. 

Foj-  full  list  of  '  Soloid '  Products,   see  Formulary 

In  order  to  ensure  the  supply  of  the  genuine  products 


A      Fl ELD      OF      E 


Atropa  belladonna  is  jjrown  from  genuine  wild  seed.  The  best  crops  of  leaves 
are  obtained  in  the  second,  third  or  fourth  year  of  the  plant's  growth,  and  it  is  at 
this  perio<l  that  the  alkaloidal  content  is  greatest. 


Loading    Belladonna 

The  yield  ranges  from  i-i  2  to  5  tons  per  acre.  The  freshly-cut  herb  is  weighed 
in  bundles  and  carried  straight  to  the  laboratories  in  a  motor  trolley.  A  portion  of 
the  leaves  is  dried  in  a  few  hours  in  specially -ventilated  chambers.  The  roots,  which 
are  collected  in  the  autumn,  are  sliced  in  order  to  accelerate  the  drying,  and  so  prevent 
any  undesirable  change  taking  place. 


CcJjTivahon. 


Antient  Egyptian  T( 


THE     'WELLCOME'      MATERIA      MEDICA     FARM 


The  vital  importance  of  standardisation  of  drugs  has 
always  been  recognised  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 
Constant  attention  has  been  devoted  to  the  subject, 
and  the  principle  has  been  applied  not  merely  to  the 
chemical,  but  also  to  the  vegetable  and 
animal  substances  required  for  the  prepara-  standardisa- 
tion of  the  firm's  products.  The  old  method 
of  picking  samples  of  drugs  by  their  colour  and 
appearance  has  long  been  felt  to  be  inadequate, 
and  it  has  become  necessary  to  view  them  in  the 
more  penetrating  light  of  chemical  analysis  and  of 
physiological  tests. 

Even  the  most  experienced  pharmacognoscist  may 
select  drugs  which,  on  the  basis  of  form,  colour  and 
other  physical  characteristics,  appear  to  possess  a  high 
standard  of  quality,  yet  on  assay  do  not  yield  the 
requisite  percentage  of  active  principles. 

In  this  connection,  a  paper  by  Carr  and  Reynolds, 
published  in  the  Chemist  and  Druggist,  shows  in  tabular 
form  the  very  considerable  range  of  variation  in  the 
proportion  of  active  principles  existing  in  samples  of 
drugs  bought  on  the  market.  Amongst  the  examples 
given  are  the  following : — 


^ 

^owest 

Highest 

Active  principle 

^'"^         pt. 

rcentage 

percentage 

determmed 

Belladonna 

(dried  herb) 

0-23 

I -08 

Total  alkaloids 

Broom  tops 

o'oy 

I -06 

Sparteine  Sulphate 

Cinchona 

Succirubra 

I -06 

4-64 

Quinine  and 

Cinchonidine 

Hvdrastis  Root 

2-3 

5-8 

Berberine  Sulphate 

Ipecacuanha 

Root  (Rio) 

o-i8 

1-83 

Emetine 

THE      '  WELLCOME'      MATERIA      MEDICA      FARM 


CONIUM 

Maculatum 

A  typical  bush 
of  Conium  tnacti- 
latum  (Hemlock*. 
The  fresh  leaves 
and  branches  are 
collected  when  the 
fruit  begins  to 
form. 


-*^ 


Fresh 

Belladonna 

Leaves 

about  to  be  ex- 
pressed for  juice 
and  for  making  the 
l?reen  extract.  It 
is  extremely  im- 
portant that  this 
be  done  promptly 
to  avoid  fermenta- 
tion and  consequent 
deterioration  of  the 
product.  The  fresh 
herb  is  gathered  as 
soon  as  the  sun  is 
up,  and  expressed 
and  treated  before 
sunset. 


THE       '  WELLCOME*       MATERIA      MEDICA       FARM 


••-     r^' 

;.'Miw#A'/ 

'  1 

i 

py 

L'-' 

, 

%Vi%f 

fi 

P:' 

n 

'% 

■t     *." 

■^_   -  ^    •■■: 

Aconite    in     Flower 
AconitHftt  ttapellus,  when  raised  from  seed,  takes  two  or  three  years  to  flower ;  it 
is  best  propagated  by  dividing  the  roots;  each  root  is  biennial,  but,  as  it  has  the 
power  of  forming  new  ones  every  year,  the  plant  itself  is  perennial. 


A    Field    of    Datura     Metel 

This  handsome  plant,  which  is  sometimes  known  as  Egyptian  Henbane,  is  interesting, 
as  recent  investigation  has  shown  that  it  contains  Hyoscine,  Hyoscyamine  and  Atropine 
in  proportions  differing  from  those  occurring  in  other  solanaceous  plants. 


90 


WELLCOME        MATERIA      MEUICA      FARM 


Gathering    Hyoscyamus 

Hyoscyamus  niger,  one  of  the  most  difficult  plants  with  which  the  herb  fanner 
has  to  deal,  is  grown  from  seed  sown  about  March  or  April.  The  young  plants  show 
above  ground  at  the  end  of  May  or  beginning  of  June.  In  the  autumn  they  are 
separated  if  too  close  together.  In  the  following  May  an  aerial  stem  is  developed 
which  rapidly  grows  until  it  reaches  the  height  of  three  or  four  feet.  The  flowering 
takes  place  in  June  or  Jul}-,  when  the  crop  is  harvested. 


Digitalis    in     Flower 

Digitalis  purpurea  is  obtained  from  carefully -selected  wild  seed,  and  any  variations 
from  the  wild  type  are  struck  out.  Great  care  is  taken  in  collecting  and  drying  the 
leaves,  other\vise  the  medicinal  activity  would  be  adversely  affected.  Blighled,  faded 
or  defective  leaves  are  rejected,  and  only  the  finest  preserved  for  use.  The  chemistry 
of  the  active  principles  of  Digitalis  is  still  obscure,  and  physiological  tests  are  employed 
in  standardising  B.  W.  t^-  Co.  preparations  of  this  herb. 


THE      'wELIXOME'      MATERIA      MEDICA      FARM  91 

It  is  obvious  that  the  accurac}-  and  care  exercised  by 
the  pharmacist  in  wei^hin^  and  measuring  drugs  for 
use  in  medicine  are  nulhfied  if  the  active  principles  are 
variable  to  such  an  extent. 

With   the    introduction    of    the    '  Wellcome '    Brand 
standardised   galenicals,    Burroughs   Wellcome    &    Co. 
found    it    necessary,    in    order    to    obtain    a 
constant  supply  of  herbs  of   sufficiently  high  Expert 
standard    of    quality,    to    grow    them    under  ofgnwth" 
their      own     immediate     supervision.       The 
benefits    of    conducting    a    herb    farm    in    conjunction 
with  the  preparation    of  pharmaceutical  products  are 
many.     For  instance  : — 

(i)  A  drug  may  be  expressed  or  worked  up  imme- 
diately it  has  been  collected. 

(2)  Herbs  may  be  dried,  if  necessary,  directh'  they 
are  cut,  before  fermentation  and  other  deteriorative 
changes  have  set  in. 

(3)  Freedom  from  caprice  on  the  part  of  collectors, 
who,  in  gathering  wild  herbs,  are  very  difficult  to 
control  in  the  matter  of  adulteration,  both  accidental 
and  intentional. 

(4)  The  ability  to  select  and  cultivate  that  particular 
strain  of  a  plant  which  has  been  found  by  chemical  and 
physiological  tests  to  be  the  most  active,  and  which 
gives  the  most  satisfactory  preparations.  Notable 
instances  of  these  are  to  be  found  in  connection  with 
Digitalis  and  Belladonna. 

Fortunately,    suitable    land    was   available   near   the 
'  Wellcome '    Chemical    Works    at    Dartford, 
and  there   the    'Wellcome'    Materia    Medica  ."^J*,^,, 

'  \A/ellcome 

Farm  has   been    established.     The  following  Materia 
extracts    from    a    descriptive    article    which   pa^rm* 
appeared    in    the    Chemist    and    Druggist    of 
January   29,    19 10,  will  give   some  idea    of  the  nature 
and  scope  of  this  enterprise  : — 

"  A  suitable  piece  of  land  for  '  a  physicke  garden ' 
(had  been  chosen)  on  an  undulating  slope,  with  here 
and  there  a  clump  of  trees  and  a  strip  of  wild  woodland, 


THE       '  WELLCOME'       MAXERLA.       MEDICA       FARM 


i  t'^v."^, 


:^'"-^ 


Hydrastis    Canadensis 

An   experimental  crop  of  Hydrastis,  jrrown  under  natural  conditions,  in  a  grovt 
shaded  by  hedges  and  trees. 


Golden    Seal 

The  same  plant  under  the  specially-constructed  lattice  structure,  which  is  designed 
to  ensure  the  requisite  amount  of  shade. 


THE      •  WELLCOME         MATERIA      MEDICA      FARM 


between  the  river  and  the  North  Downs,  hard  by  the 
Uttle  village  of  Darenth,    No  more  ideal  spot  for  a  herb 
farm  could  have  been  chosen.     It  has  shade, 
sunshine  and  moisture,  and  a  fine  loamy  soil,  Research 

•^  ana 

varied  by  sandier  uplands.  Here  the  firm  experiment 
have  for  the  last  six  years  been  cultivating 
medicinal  plants  under  the  immediate  superintendence 
of  pharmaceutical  and  botanical  experts.  The  farm 
was  established,  firstly,  to  provide  opportunities  and 
materials  for  research  and  experiment,  and,  secondly, 
to  supph'  the  manufacturing  departments  with  medicinal 
herbs  of  proper  quality. 

"  A  visit  to  the  farm  shows  that  the  greater  part  is 
devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  staples ;  but  a  number  of 
plots  are  used  for  experimental  crops.  Among  such 
are  meadow  saffron  (Colchicum  autiimnalc j,  with  its  pale- 
purple  flower.  Lavender,  peppermint,  and  French 
roses  grow  side  by  side.  Senega  and  the  unpretentious 
taraxacum,  with  its  bright  yellow  petals,  occupy  other 
spaces.  Ginseng,  the  root  that  plays  so  important  a 
part  in  Chinese  medicine,  is  also  grown.  Podophyllum 
peltatum,  Scopola  atropides,  Datura  metaloides,  sea 
poppy  (Glauciim  liiteum),  and  Grindelia  robusta,  are 
other  plants  that  one  does  not  usually  find  growing  on  a 
scale  greater  than  the  experimental ;  but  the  plots  of 
Hydrastis  canadensis  are  botanically  and  commer- 
cially the  most  interesting  on  the  farm,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  we  are  coming  within  measurable  distance  of 
the  end  of  the  natural  supply  from  North  America. 

"The  purpose  which  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 
had  immediately  in  view  when  they  established  this 
farm,  i.e.  supplying  the  products  of  the  field  direct  to 
their  Works,  has  been  fulfilled,  and  the  farm  has  in 
that  respect  passed  the  experimental  stage,  since  they 
have  experienced  the  benefits  of  conducting  a  farm 
in  conjunction  with  the  production  of  pharmaceutical 
preparations.  On  the  research  side,  experiment  goes 
on,  especially  in  regard  to  selection  and  cultivation 
of  strains  which  have  been  found  by  chemical  and 
physiological  tests  to  be  the  most  active." 


THE 

.HEDICIXE  CHEST  OF 
QUEEN  MENTU-HOTEP 
WHO      LIVED      2200     B.C. 


The  massive  outer  case  for 
the  chest  is  shown  below.  It  is 
composed  of  wood,  decorated 
with  hieroglyphics,  amongst 
which  are  the  royal  cartouche 
and  the  figure  of  a  crouching 
jackal.  ^ 

The  chest  itself  is  depicted  above.  It  is  composed 
of  plaited  papyrus  reeds,  and  is  supported  on  a  stand. 
The  chest  is  divided  into  six  compartments,  each  con- 
taining a  beautifully-shaped  medicine  jar  of  oriental 
alabaster.      Various    medicinal   roots,    and    a   wooden 

spoon,  the  handle  of 
which  is  ornamented 
with  the  head  of  Hathor, 
were  discovered  in  the 
chest. 

This  unique  Egyptian 
medical  equipment  was 
discovered  at  Thebes.  It 
demonstrates  the  large 
bulk  and  cumbersome 
fittings,  combined  with 
paucity  of  supplies,  which 
have  been  characteristic 
of  medical  outfits  from 
the  days  of  the  Pharaohs 
until  the  introduction  of 
'Tabloid' products.  The 
modern  medical  man  armed  with  a  •  Tabloid  '  brand 
Pocket-Case  carries  a  scientific  therapeutic  equipment, 
the  equi\alent  of  which  in  the  drugs  of  antient  Egypt 
could  be  transported  only  by  a  regiment  of  slaves. 


A    Battle    Scene.      From   a  drawing  on  an  Antient  Egyptian  Tomb 


HISTORICAL     MEDICAL     EQUIPMENTS 

Some  2000  years  or  more  b.c,  the  Egyptians,  who 
cultivated  the  art  of  Pharmacy,  employed  medicine 
chests  and  large  goatskin  pouches  for  storing  and 
carrying  drugs  in  the  form  of  roots,  barks,  herbs, 
etc.      One     of     these     antient     equipments,   ^      ^.    ^ 

^      '^  An  antient 

discovered  at  Thebes,  is  illustrated  on  the  Egyptian 
opposite  page.  It  is  composed  of  plaited  ^''"'P'"^" 
papyrus  reeds,  and  divided  into  six  compartments, 
each  containing  an  elegant  alabaster  medicine  jar, 
the  whole  being  enclosed  in  an  outer  wooden  case 
of  massive  proportions  and  beautiful  workmanship. 
Yet,  despite  the  size  of  this  unique  chest,  the  medical 
supplies  it  contained  were  of  the  most  meagre 
description. 

The  enormous  size  and  clumsy  proportions  assumed 
by  the  medicine  chest  in  the  sixteenth  century  are 
well  exemphfied  in  the  illustration  on  the  ^^ 
following  page.  Possibly  this  outfit  was  Elizabethan 
used  by  William  Clowes,  a  celebrated  army  ""^^ 
surgeon  who  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  with 
the  fleet  that  conquered  the  Armada. 

That  the  military  medical  equipments  of  the 
seventeenth  century  were  not  only  cumbersome  but 
expensive  to  transport,  is  evident  from  an  entry 
in  the  Exchequer  MSS.,  which  records  that 
in  1650  each  surgeon  in  the  Cromwellian  ^r^"^^"^ 
Army  was  provided  with  a  medicine  chest, 
a  horse  to  draw  it,  and  a  man  to  look  after  the  horse, 
at  a  cost  equivalent  in  present-day  money  to  forty-five 
pounds  for  the  chest,  thirty  pounds  for  the  horse, 
and  two  guineas  weekly  for  the  keep  of  the  animal 
and  its  attendant. 


MILITARY    MEDICINE    CHEST— 1588 

Fabricius,  a  noted  Swiss  physician  of  the  XVI  century,  recom- 
mended that  the  military  chest  should  be  furnished  with  no  less 
than  362  varieties  of  medicine,  some  of  which  contained  as  many  as 
&i  ingredients.  The  complexity  of  arrangement,  the  huge  bulk  and 
great  weight,  the  liability  to  breakage,  and  the  comphcated  incon- 
venience of  medicine  chests  persisted  until  the  introduction  of 
Tabloid'    lledicaZ  Eqiiipmeuts 


HISTORICAL       MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


97 


The  nineteenth  century  was  approaching  its  first 
quarter  before  the  flint-lock  of  the  Commonwealth  had 
given  place  to  the  percussion-cap,  but,  slowly  as  fire- 
arms evolved,  the  weapons  for  fighting  disease  in  the 
field  progressed  even  more  slowly  still.  At  the  time 
of  the  Crimean  War,  owing  to  the  large  doses  of 
liquid  medicaments  employed,  medicine  chests  were 
still  of  enormous  size  and  unwieldy  form,  or,  if 
small,    thev    were    furnished    with    the    most 

'  •-  _  Progress 

meagre  supplies.  The  difficulties  presented  extremely 
by  transport  and  by  the  susceptibility  of  the  ^°^ 
medicines  then  available  to  climatic  influences  were 
practically  insuperable,  and  the  horrors  of  disease 
and  death  which  resulted  from  inadequate  medical 
supplies  were  almost  beyond  description.  Equally 
terrible  were  the  experiences  of  the  Wolseley  Ashanti 
Expedition  of  1873,  the  medical  equipments  of  which 
were  fitted  out  according  to  old-time  methods. 


One  of  the  'Tahloid'  Brand  Medicine  Chests  used  in  the  Creek 
Hospitals  durina:  the  Turco-Grecian  War. 


With  the  advent  of  '  Tabloid '  Chests  and  Cases 
it  was  recognised  that  the  dangers  and  inconveniences 
associated  with  inadequate  and  cumbersome  medical 
equipments  could  be  for  ever  relegated  to  the  past. 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


'Tabloid'    Medical    Equipavents    in    Military 

C  A  A\  P  A  I  G  N  s 

Without  exception,  '  Tabloid '  Medical  Equipments 
have  been  used  in  all  the  campaigns  of  the  last  twenty- 
five  years,  and  have  played  an  important  part  in 
combating  the  diseases  which  seem  inseparable  from 
an  army  in  the  field. 

During  and  immediately  after  the  Turco-Grecian  War. 
in  1897,  many  accounts  appeared  of  the  'Tabloid' 
The  Turco  Equipments  used  by  the  British  and  foreign 
Grecian        mcdlcal    men    who    had     volunteered     their 

^'^'  services    in    the    cause    of    humanity.      The 

following  report  was  made  by  one  of  the  medical 
officers  in  charge  :- — 

WTien  I  landed  at  Nolo  to  receive  and  attend  tVie  wounded 

soldiers  as  they  came  down  from  the  battlefield  of  Nelestrino, 

I  found  it  of  inestimable  value.      The   '  Tabloid  '  Case  was 

the  only  dispensary  I  had.       All  medicines  were 

'Tabloid'  J  r  j 

Case  the       dispensed  by  means  of  the  case  to  the  soldiers  on 
^°'y  the  hospital  ship,  as  well  as  to  those  afterwards  in 

dispensary  ^  *^' 

the  English  hospital  organised  at  the  Piraeus. 
I  would  mention  that  I  found  the  '  Soloid '  Corrosive 
Sublimate  for  making  antiseptic  solutions  especially  useful 
when  dressing  wounds.  In  fact,  I  consider  no  expedition 
would  be  complete  without  a  supply  of  '  Tabloid '  Medicines, 
whether  it  be  in  the  '  Tabloid  '  Cases  or  Emergency 
Dispensing  Belts. 

A  medical  officer  who  served  as  Special  War  Corres- 
pondent to  the  Lancet  through  many  campaigns,  makes 
the  following  report : — 

It  affords  me  infinite  satisfaction  to  state  that  I  have 
myself  for  some  years  dispensed,  and  have  also  seen 
administered  by  medical  officers  of  both  Naval  and  Military 
Services,  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.'s  'Tabloid' 
Sudan,  preparations  during  the  Sudan,  Ashanti,  Benin,  and 
Benin,  '  recent  South  African  Campaigns.  I  cannot  refrain 
Africa  ^'''^"^  expressing  my  opinions  as  to  their  distinct  and 
marked  superiority  over  the  medicinal  preparations 
of  former  days.  They  are  far  more  portable,  very  acceptable 
so  far  as  the  palate  is  concerned,  far  less  liable  to  absorb 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


99 


damp  on  service  during  rapid  changes  of  climate,  are  always 
found  exact  as  to  their  dose-weight,  and,  what  is  of  far  more 
importance,  retain  their  efficiency  much  longer  than  any 
other  medicinal  products  I  know  of. 

Scales  and  weights  can  be  dispensed  with,  and  much 
valuable  time  is  saved  both  to  patient  and  doctor,  as  the 
dispensary — mulHim  in  parvo,  in  fact — can  be  carried  by 
the  prescriber  in  his  hand,  or  in  front  of  him  on  cycle  or 
horse.  During  my  recent  experience  amongst  the  goldfields 
of  Ashanti,  W.  A.,  under  conditions  the  most  severe  and 
trying,  these  '  Tabloid '  Medicines  could  always  be  depended 
upon.  The  firm  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  are 
deservedly  to  be  congratulated  upon  the  marked  scientific 
advance  they  have  made  in  pharmaceutical  reform. 


One  of  the  'Taisloid'  P.kanu  Meuicink  Chests  used  during  the  Ashanti 
Campaign,  1895-6. 


During  the  Chitral  and  Indian  frontier  campaigns,  the 
utility  of  '  Tabloid '  Medical  Equipments  was  further 
demonstrated,  and  the  following  extract  from  the  Official 
Government  Report  made  by  the  Chief  Medical  Officer 
of  the  last  British  Military  Expedition  to  Ashanti,  West 
Africa,  is  a  striking  testimony  to  their  \alue  for  military 
purposes. 

The  supply  of  medicines,  both  as  to  quality  and  quantity, 
left  nothing  to  be  desired.  There  was  no  scarcity  of  any- 
thing.     The   '  Tabloid '  medicines  were  found  to  be  most 


100 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


West 
Africa 


convenient  and  of  excellent  quality.  To  be  able  to  take  out 
at  once  the  required  dose  of  any  medicine  without  having 
to  weigh  or  measure  it,  is  a  convenience  that  cannot  be 
expressed  in  words.  Time  is  saved  to  an  extent 
that  can  hardly  be  realised,  and  so  is  space,  for  a 
fitted  dispensary,  or  even  a  dispensary  table,  is 
unnecessary.  The  quality  of  medicines  was  so  good  that  no 
other  should  be  taken  into  the  field.  The  cases  supplied  are 
almost  ideal  ones  for  the  Government.  They  are  light  yet 
strong,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  materials  and  medicines 
is  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible. 

The  medical  equipment  for  the  Niger- Sudan  Cam- 
paign of  1S96-7  was  also  supplied  by  Burroughs 
Wellcome  &  Co.  Reports  b\-  an  expeditionary  officer 
to  the  Royal  Niger  Company,  which  were  published  in 
the  Lancet  of  February,  189S,  speak  unreservedly  of 
the  immense  advantages  of  •  Tabloid  '  Equipments. 


The  late  G.  VV.  Steevens'  'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Chest 


During   the   war   with    Spain,   in    Cuba   and    subse- 
quently  in    the    Philippines,  the   utility  of  '  Tabloid ' 
Medical    Equipments  was   again   tested    and 
Philippines,  confirmed.     In  the  Anglo- Egyptian  campaign 
in    the     Sudan,    which     culminated    in     the 
complete    overthrow   of    Dervish   rule    and   the   death 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


101 


of  the  Mahdi,  '  Tabloid '  Equipments  were  largely 
employed,  and  highly  appreciated  in  the  triumphant 
march  "  with  Kitchener  to  Khartoum." 

The  conclusive  proofs  afforded  by  all  these 
campaigns  and  expeditions  of  the  incomparable 
utility  of  the  B.  W.  &  Co.  equipments,  under  circum- 
stances of  the  most  trying  nature,  naturally  led  to 
their  still  more  extensive  employment  in  South  Africa 
during  the  recent  war.  The  trying  conditions  of  trans- 
port and  the  cUmatic  influences  were  just  such  as 
'  Tabloid  '  Equipments,  and  '  Tabloid '  Equipments 
only,  had  been  proved,  by  earlier  experience,  to  be 
capable  of  resisting.  Constant  references  were  made 
to  the  adequacy  and  efficiency  of  the  equipments 
supplied. 


Hospital    Ships    and    Army    Hospitals 


'  Tabloid '    Cases    and    products    were    carried    by 
H.R.H.    The    Princess    of    Wales'    Hospital  ^    . 

^_  Equipment 

Ship,  by  H.R.H.  Princess  Christian's  Hospital  of  the 
Train,  and  by  the  Hospital  Ships  Trojan  and  swp"  ^ 
Spartan,  whilst  the  entire  medical   equipment   "m^'"^" 
of     the     American     Ladies'     Hospital     Ship 
Maine   was   supplied   b\'    Burroughs   Wellcome  &  Co. 


One  of  the  'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Chests  specially  designed  for 
and  supplied  to,  the  Hospital  Ship  Maine. 


102  HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 

Referring  to   this   equipment,   the   Lancet    (London. 
Eng.)  reported : — 

The  whole  of  the  medical  outfit  has  been  supplied  by 
Messrs.  Burrougrhs  Wellcome  &  Co.  One  of  the  medicine 
chests  suppHed  by  this  firm  is  in  tooled  leather,  designed  by 
Mr.  Henr}-  S.  Wellcome. 

The  following  description  of  this  chest  may  be  of 
interest : — 

The  chest  is  made  of  oak  covered  with  Carthaginian 
cowhide,  tooled  by  hand,  with  chaste  designs  success- 
fully representing  in  allegory  the  alliance  of  Great 
Britain  and  America  in  the  succour  of  the  wounded. 
On  the  top  panel  appear  the  Union  Jack  and  the  Stars 
and  Stripes  entwined,  portraits  of  Queen  Victoria, 
George  Washington  and  President  McKinley ;  also 
representations  of  the  British  Lion  and  American 
Eagle.  The  front  panel  bears  portraits  of  Lady 
Randolph  Churchill  (Mrs.  George  CornwalUs-West). 
the  hon.  secretary  and  the  hon.  treasurer  of  the  fund  ; 
a  picture  of  the  ship  itself;  and  a  scene  representing  the 
British  Lion,  wounded  by  an  arrow  which  lies  at  his 
side,  being  ministered  to  by  Britannia  and  Columbia. 
A  frieze  is  formed  by  a  representation  of  an  American 
Indian  wampum,  upon  which  Brother  Jonathan  and 
John  Bull  are  depicted  hand-in-hand.  The  panel  at 
each  end  of  the  chest  represents  Britannia  and 
Columbia  supporting  a  banner  bearing  the  Red  Cross, 
and  on  the  panel  at  the  back  the  British  Regular  and 
Colonial  Lancers  are  shown  charging  a  Boer  force. 
Keble's  line,  "  No  distance  breaks  the  tie  of  blood,"  and 
Bayard's  phrase,  "  Our  kin  across  the  sea,"  are  inscribed 
on  the  chest.  This  beautiful  cabinet  contains  a  number 
of  smaller  cases  fitted  with  '  Tabloid  '  and  '  Soloid  ' 
products, and  'Tabloid'  Hypodermic  Outfits,  and  is 
in  itself  a  compact  and  complete  dispensar}-. 

In  addition  to  the  'Tabloid'  outfits  suppUed  to  the 
hospital  ships,  army  hospitals  and  regular  field  service, 
saddle-cases  fitted  with  'Tabloid  '  and  '  Soloid  '  products 
were  supplied  to  the  medical  officers  of  the  Yeomanry 


HISTORICAI,      MF.nrCAI.      EQUIPMENTS 


103 


Battalions    and    to    those    attached    to    the    Colonial 
contingents. 

'Tabloid'  Medicine  Pocket- Cases  were  carried  for 
private  use  by  numerous  officers,  war  correspondents 
and  others. 


One  of  the  '  Tabloid  ' 
Brand  Medicine  Cases 
specially  designed  for,  and 
supplied  to,  the  troops 
from  the  various  liritish 
Colonies,  for  use  in  the 
South  African  Campaign. 


These  few  of  the  many  instances  of  the  employment 
of  '  Tabloid  '  equipments  during  the  Boer  War  bring 
the  history  of  medical  equipment  down  to  ^^^^^  ^.^^ 
recent-  times.  Yet  the  subject  has  been  use  of 
outlined  only,  and  these  examples  are  but  medical 
links  in  the  association  of  modern  medical  equipments 
equipments  with  'Tabloid'  outfits.  In  frontier 
campaigns  and  punitive  expeditions  against  sa\-age 
and  half-civilised  tribes,  and  in  the  great  wars  of 
modern  times — in  fact,  whenever  it  has  been  recognised 
that  the  success  of  the  expedition  and  the  lives  and 
health  of  its  members  must  depend  on  the  portability, 
accuracy  of  dosage  and  keeping  qualities  of  the  drugs 
to  be  used,  '  Tabloid '  equipments  have  been  chosen, 
and  have  been  invariably  found  to  fulfil  every 
requirement. 


'Tabloid'    Medical    Equipments    in    Exploring 
Expeditions 

Having    briefly    outlined    the     history     of     medical 
supplies  in  military  campaigns,  it  may  be  of  int-erest 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


to  review  the  methods  adopted  by  the  leading: 
explorers  in  their  fight  against  the  terrors  of  disease. 
Furnished  with  old-time  equipments,  the  early 
explorers  of  Africa  were  doomed  to  undergo  the 
usual  heartrending  experiences. 


\Mien  I  think  [said  the  late  Sir  H.  M.  Stanley,  in  the 
course  of  one  of  his  lectures]  of  the  dreadful  mortality  of 

Capt.  Tuckey's  Expedition  in  i8i6,  of  the  Niger 
BurtoY,'  Expedition  in  1841,  of  the  sufferings  of  Burton 
^^  and  Speke,  and  of  my  own  first  two  expeditions, 

I  am  amazed  to  find  that  much  of  the  mortality' 
and  sickness  was  due  to  the  crude  way  in  which  medicines 
were  supplied  to  travellers.  The  ver}'  recollection  causes  me 
to  shudder. 


But  a  new  power  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
explorer.  Scientific  knowledge,  skill  and  ingenuity 
had  forged  a  new  and  potent  weapon  to  fight  the 
ravages  of  disease.  The  marked  improvement  which 
occurred  is  seen  when  we  turn  to  a  later  speech 
by  the  same  great  explorer,  in  which  he  said : — 

In  my  early  expeditions  into  Africa,  there  was  one  secret 
wish  which  endured  with  me  always,  and  that  was  to 
Stanie  s  ameliorate  the  miseries  of  African  explorers.  How 
experi-  it  was  to  be  done,  who  was  to  do  it,  I  knew 
^"*^^^  not.       But    I    made   the   acquaintance   of    Messrs. 

Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  As  soon  as  I  came  in  sight 
of  their  preparations  and  their  works,  I  found  the  consum- 
mation of  my  secret  wish.  On  my  later  expeditions  I  had 
all  the  medicines  that  were  required  for  my  black  men,  as 
well  as  my  white  men,  beautifully  prepared,  and  in  most 
elegant  fashion  arranged  in  the  smallest  medicine  chest  it  was 
ever  my  lot  to  cany  into  Africa. 


In  his  books,  Founding  the  Congo  Free  State  and 
In  Darkest  Africa,  the  late  Sir  H.  M.  Stanley 
wrote  in  the  very  highest  terms  of  '  Tabloid '  Medical 
Equipments. 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


The  late  Surgeon- Major  Parke,    Stanley's  Medical 
Officer,  in  his  Guide  to  Health  in  Africa,  writes  : — 

The  medicinal  preparations  which  I  have  throughout 
recommended  are  those  of  BURROUGHS  Wellcome  &  Co., 
as  I  have  found,  after  a  varied  experience  of 
the  different  forms  in  which  drugs  are  prepared 
for  foreign  use,  that  there  are  none  which  can 
compare  with  them  ['  Tahloid '  products]  for  convenience  of 
portability  in  transit,  and  for  unfaiUng  rehabiHty  in  strength 
of  dose  after  prolonged  exposure. 


"  None 
can 
compare ' 


\ iB!;r<no^GM.s_V/nLiiCOM(5-    &■  Co       V 


One  of  the  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  Medicine  Chests  carried  by 

Sir  H.  M.  Stanley  throughout  the  Emin  Relief  Expedition,  and  brought 

back  as  a  souvenir,  with  the  remaining  contents  unimpaired. 


Contents 

tested  by 

the 

"  Lancet '' 


Amongst  other  cases  used  during  Stanley's  travels, 
is  the  famous  "  Rear-Guard "  '  Tabloid '  Medicine 
Chest,  which  remained  in  the  swampy  forest 
regions  of  the  Aruwhimi  for  nearly  four 
years,  and  was  more  than  once  actually  sub- 
merged in  the  river.  When  it  was  brought 
back  to  London,  the  remaining  contents  were  tested 
^y  the  official  analyst  of  the  Lancet,  who  reported  that 
the  '  Tabloid '  medicaments  had  perfectly  preserved 
their  efficacy. 

At  this  point  it  is  of  interest  to  turn  to  the  '  Tabloid  ' 
Medicine   Chest   (illustrated  on  next  page)    which    was 

e* 


106 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


discovered  near  Kenia,  in  the  Aruwhimi  Dwarf 
Country.  It  was  the  last  chest  suppHed  to  Emin 
_   .  „   ^     Pasha,  Gordon's  Governor  of  the  Equatorial 

Emm  Pasha  ^ 

Sudan.  This  chest  was  taken  by  Arabs  when 
Emin  Pasha  was  massacred  in  1892,  and  was  recaptured 
by  Baron  Dhanis,  Commandant  of  the  Congo  Free 
State  troops,  after  the  battle  of  Kasongo.  It  was 
subsequently  stolen  by  natives,  and  finally  recovered 
by  an  officer  of  the  Congo  Free  State,  and  returned 
to  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 


Emix  Pashas  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  Medicine  Chest 

The  following  acknowledgment  of  its  receipt  was 
sent  by  Emin  Pasha  before  setting  out  on  his  final 
expedition  to  Central  Africa  : — 

Gentlemen, — I  found  the  medicine  chest  you  forwarded  me 
fully  stocked.  I  need  not  tell  you  that  its  very  completeness 
made  bound  my  heart.  Articles  like  those  could  not  be  made 
but  at  the  hand  of  the  greatest  artists  in  their  own  depart- 
ment. If  any  one  relieved  from  intense  pain  pours  out  his 
blessings,  they  will  come  home  to  you. 

I  should  like  to  expatiate  somewhat  longer  on  the 
intrinsical  value,  but  sickness  preventing  me  to  do  so.  I  wish 
you  to  believe  me, 


/^"^Ur^    ^nru  j-QttIpu,^ju 


I OyOf-t  « 


Messrs.  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 


HISTORICAL       iMEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS  107 

A  history  of  all  the  '  Tabloid '  Medical  Equipments 
associated  with  African  exploration  and  African  cam- 
paigns would  of  itself  make  a  large  volume,  and  it  has 
only  been  possible  to  mention  briefly  a  few  instances 
of  their  use. 

These  are,  after  all,  but  a  few  types,  although 
extremely  interesting  ones,  of  the  great  number  of 
'  Tabloid '  Chests  and  Cases  which  have  been,  or  are 
at  the  present  time,  connected  with  the  march  of 
humanity  and  civilisation  throughout  the  Dark 
Continent. 

Sir  SvEN  Hedin,  the  well-known  explorer  of  Tibet, 
whose  recently  published  accounts  of  his  penetration 
into  the  innermost  precincts  of  the  mysterious 
monastery  of  Tashi-lunpo  have  attracted  world-wide 
attention,  refers  in  the  highest  terms  to  the  utility, 
compactness  and  completeness  of  the  No.  251 
'  Tabloid  '  Medicine  Chest  with  which  he  was  equipped 
by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

He  reports  that  this  outfit  was — 

A  tasteful  and  elegant  work  of  art,  and  contained  drugs 
selected  for  a  high,  cold  and  dry  climate,  and  adds  :  All  the 
drugs  were  in  '  Tabloid  '  form,  well  and  orderly  packed. 

The  whole  was  carefully  stowed  in  a  pretty  aluminium 
chest  which  shone  like  silver. 

It  contained  the  best  portable  outfit  I  have  ever  seen. 

Stanley,  Emin  Pasha,  Jackson,  Scott  and  many  other 
travellers  have  prized  this  ideal  travelling  dispensary  as 
highly  as  myself. 

(Extracts  from  Sir  Sven  Hedin's  Trans- Himalaya,  by  kind 
permission  of  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  destination  of  this  '  Tabloid '  Chest  is  unique  in 
the  history  of  medical  equipments.  After  having 
effectually  fulfilled  the  medical  requirements  of  the 
Expedition,  it  was  presented  by  Sir  Sven  Hedin  to  the 
Tashi  Lama,  the  Pontiff  of  Tibet,  in  whom  it  excited 
the  greatest  admiration  and  the  liveliest  interest. 


^.^i^^ 


zr:^ 


One  of  the   'tabloid'   Medicine   chests 
USED   BY   Commander   r.    e.    peary 


Commander  Peary,  to  whose  record  stands  the 
achievement  of  having  reached  the  North  Pole, 
writing  from   Etah,  Greenland,  reports  : — 

Burroughs    Wellcome    &    Co.    'Tabloid'  Medicine 
Cases  and  Supplies  have  proven  invaluable. 


\r^rSr^^^ii^^A)trA~yirA~  IhT^Ar^nA 


^_&tGL. 


^\Am 


;^*ji  'Tabloid'  urand 

Medical    equipments 

in    arctic    and    antarctic    exploration 

NORTH  POLE 


SOUTH  POLE 


'Tabloid'  Medical  Equipments  have 
reached  the  North  Pole  and  as  near 
to  the  Soutli   Pole  as   man   has  gone. 


>iiyr"^^ryVk-^^^ 


110  HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 

The    'Tabloid'    a\edicine    Case    carried 

"Farthest    South" 

BY    Sir    Ernest    h.   Shackleton 


The  full  record  of  this  case,  as  given  in    the  report  from  the  Surgeon 
to  the  Expedition,  is  printed  below. 

Copy  of  Report  dated  Sept.  17,  1909  : — 

The  B.  W.  &  Co.  Brown  Leather  '  Tabloid'  Case  herewith 
\\as  : 
Taken    with   part}'   of   six   that   made    tiie   ascent   and 
reached    summit    of  Mount    Erebus,    13,350   ft.,     March 
5th- nth,  1908. 

Used  on  Southern  Journey  under  Lieut.  Shackleton 
*Oct.  28th,  1908-March  4th,  1909. 
latitude  88^  23'  S.         Longitude  162'  E. 
Distance  covered  in  this  journey,  1728  statute  miles. 

Used  on  S.   Depot  Lapng   Party,   from    Sept.   20th  to 
Oct.  15th,  1908.  Distance  covered,  311  miles. 

Taken  on  Depot  journeys  to  Hut  Point. 
Aggregating  150  statute  miles. 

Medicines  quite  satisfactory. 
Signed 
E.  P.  Marshall,  M.R.C.S.,  L.RC.P. 

Surgeon  to  the  British  Antarctic 
Expedition,  1907-9 
*  Reached  "  Farthest  South,'  Jan.  Qth,  1909 


HISTORICAL       MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


'Tabloid'    Medical    Equipments    in    Arctic    and 
Antarctic    Exploration 

'  Tabloid '  Medical  Equipments  have  been  used  with 
remarkable  success  in  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  expedi- 
tions associated  with  the  names  of  Nansen,  Peary, 
Jackson-Harmsworth,  the  Duke  of  the  Abruzzi, 
and  Shackleton.  The  belts  and  other  '  Tabloid ' 
Equipments    supplied     to    Nansen    for     his     journey 


One    of    the    'Tabloid'    Brand    Chests    used    by    the 
Jackson-Harmswokth  Polar  Kxpeditioii. 


"  Farthest  North,"  and  those  used  by  the  Jackson- 
Harmsworth  Arctic  Expedition,  are  now  added  to 
Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.'s  collection  of  historic 
outfits.  In  his  report,  the  surgeon  to  the  latter 
expedition  says : — 

I    find    that    the    '  Tabloid '    drugs   are    most   convenient, 
especially  in  circumstances  such  as  we  are  placed  in. 

Another  '  Tabloid  '  Medical  Equipment  of  exceptional 
interest  was  that  supplied  to  Commander  R.  E.  Peary 
for  use  with  his  former  Arctic  Expedition. 


112 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


The  '  Tabloid  '  Belts  and  other  Medical  Equipments 
supplied    to    Xansen    for    his  journey    in    the    Fram, 


One  of  the  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  Medicine  Belts  carried  by  Xansen 
on  his  Arctic  Expedition. 


and  those  used  by  the  Jackson-Harmsworth  Arctic 
Expedition,  have  also  been  added  to  the  historic 
collection  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 


One  of  the  'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine 
Cases  carried  by  the  Duke  of  the 
Abruzzi's   Polar   Expedition. 


The  Italian  Arctic    Expedition,   commanded   by 

the    Duke    of     the    Abruzzi,    found     that,    despite 

the     fact     that     the      northern      latitude     of 

Unaffected    350         ,        n    ^^^g    rcachcd,     the     'Tabloid' 

by  chmate  00       ~rv  ' 

Medicine  Chests  and  Cases  with  which  the 
Expedition  was  equipped  were  brought  back  with  their 
remaining  contents  quite  unaffected  by  the  rigour  of 
the  climate. 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


The    National    Antarctic    Expedition 

The  entire  medical  outfit  of  the  National  Antarctic 
Expedition  was  furnished  by  Burroug-hs  Wellcome  &  Co., 
and  on  the  return  of  the  Discovery,  with  the  members  of 
the  Expedition  on  board,  the  medical  officer  made  a 
highly  satisfactory  report  on  the  'Tabloid'  Medical 
Equipment. 

In  August,  1901,  the  Discovery  left  England,  and 
in  the  following  January  crossed  the  limit  of  the 
Antarctic  Circle.  Having  passed  the  farthest  eastward 
point  attained  by  Ross  sixty  years  before,  the 
explorers  discovered  a  new  land,  which  they 
named  King  Edward  VII.  Land.  One  of  the  E^j'edkTon  " 
most  noteworthy  features  of  the  Expedition 
was  the  arduous  sledge  journey  undertaken  by 
the  commander,  Captain  Scott,  accompanied  by 
Lieutenant  Shackleton  and  Dr.  Wilson.  This 
journey  over  the  ice  occupied  three  months,  and  the 
record  latitude  of  82°  17'  South  was  reached.  On 
sledge    journeys   the    question    of    weight    is   of   great 


One  of  the  'Tabloid'  Bkand  Medicine  Chests  carried  by 
the  National  Antarctic  Expedition 


moment.  The  traveller,  on  such  occasions,  must  carry 
but  the  barest  necessaries,  and  of  these  the  lightest 
procurable.     The  medicine  chest  is  an  important  item, 


114  HISTORICAL       IMEDICAI.       RQI'IIMENTS 


for  upon  the  efficacy  of  its  contents  the  lives  of  the 
explorers  may  depend.  Every  drug  carried  must  be 
of  the  utmost  reliability,  in  the  most  compact  state,  and 
capable  of  withstanding  an  extremely  low  temperature. 
To  the  enthusiasm  of  Sir  Clements  Markham, 
K.C.B.,  then  President  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  the  successful  organisation  of  the  Expedition 
is  largely  due.  Referring  to  the  '  Tabloid '  Medical 
Equipment  of  the  Discovery,  he  reports : — 


[ationai   Antarctic  Expedition, 
I.   Savile   Row, 

Burlington  Gardens,   VV. 


The  Medical  Equipment  of  the  Exploring  Ship  of  the 
National  Antarctic  Expedition  was  entirely  supplied 
by  Messrs  Burroughs,  Wellcome  &  Co. , and,  proved  in 
every  way  most  satisfactory. 

The  few  other  drugs  and  preparations  which  were  taken 
with  the  Expedition  were  only  supplied  for  purposes 
of  experiment,  and,  can  in  no  way  be  regarded  as 
part  of  the  medical  equipment. 


2T     Ccki-(    fQ^^ 


HISTORICAT.      MF.niCAI,      EQUIPMENTS  115 


Dr.   Kcettlitz,  the    Senior    Medical    Officer  to   the 
Expedition,  reports : — 

Discovery  Antarctic  Expedition 

The  Medical  Equipment  of  the  Discovery  Exploring 
Ship,  of  the  National  Antarctic  Expedition,  was  entirely 
supplied  by  Messrs.  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.,  mostly  in 
the  form  of  '  Tabloid,'  '  Soloid  '  and  '  Enule  '  preparations. 

The  preparations  proved,  in  every  way,  most  satisfactory, 
and  there  was  no  deterioration  of  any  of  them,  in  spite  of 
the  conditions  of  climate  and  temperature  to  which  they  were 
exposed.  The  few  other  drugs  and  preparations  which  were 
taken  with  the  Expedition  were  only  taken  for  purposes  of 
experiment. 

The  cases  supplied  l>y  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  to  us 
have  also  been  found  satisfactory  ;  the  small  leather  one  was 
very  useful  upon  sledge  journeys,  being  light  and  compact. 
The  No.  251  '  Tabloid '  Case  was  used  for  some  weeks  at  the 
camp  eleven  miles  north  of  the  ship,  when  the  whole  ship's 
company  was  engaged  in  sawing  and  blasting  the  ice,  and  it 
was  found  very  convenient. 

The  other  cases  were  useful  in  our  caVjins,  etc.,  for  a 
handy  supply. 


Kt^ULaJULX<>^^^ 


'^ 


The  relief  ship  Morning  was  also  provided  with  a 
'  Tabloid  '  Medical  Equipment,  and  the  Medical  Officer, 
Dr.  George  Davidson,  sends  the  following  report: — 

Antarctic  Relief  Ship  Aform'ni^ 

I  wish  very  heartily  to  express  my  perfect  satisfaction  with 
the  medical  equipment  which  was  supplied  to  the  Antarctic 
Relief  Ship  Morning  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 
When  I  say  that  it  was  compact,  yet  complete,  that  ever}'- 
thing  was  just  to  hand,  that  during  a  period  of  two  years  and 
three  months  I  was  never  at  a  loss  to  find  just  the  medicine 
I  wanted,  and  that  without  delay,  I  need  say  no  more  to 
emphasise  the  extraordinary  convenience  which  a  '  Tabloid  ' 
and    '  Soloid '    outfit    is  to  a  ship  such  as  ours,   whether  at 


116  HISTORICAL       MEDICAL       FOUII'MFNTS 

sea  or  in  the  ice.  I  found  the  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid  ' 
products  to  remain  unchanged  throughout  the  whole  period 
of  my  commission,  and  to  equal  in  efficacy  the  best  medical 
preparations  I  have  yet  had  occasion  to  use.  It  is 
impossible  to  realise  without  experience  how  much  can  be 
condensed  by  this  mode  of  exhibition  in  a  very  small  space. 
I  strongly  advise  all  intending  explorers  to  betake  them- 
selves to  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  for  their  medical 
equipment,  and  they  will  not  be  disappointed. 

it 
From    Dr.    Edward    Wilson,    w^ho   was    in    charge 
of    some  of  the  sledge   journeys   from   the   Discovery, 
the  following  report  has  been  received  : — 

Discovery  Antarctic  Expedition 
Though  there  was  but  little  serious  illness  on  the 
Discovery  during  the  recent  Antarctic  Expedition,  the 
'  Tabloid  '  preparations  and  the  cases  were  put  to  a  fairly 
rigorous  test,  not  only  in  the  ship,  but  on  the  various 
sledge  journeys  that  were  undertaken,  during  which  they 
experienced  temperatures  as  low  as  68°  below  zero,  and 
much  rough  handling,  without  any  loss  in  efficiency  and 
usefulness.  Certain  of  the  '  Tabloid '  Ophthalmics  were 
freely  used  for  snow  blindness,  and  were  found  to  be  most 
convenient.  CT* 

The  Scottish  National  Antarctic  Expedition,  covering 
a  period  of  nearly  two  years,  and  comprising  two 
separate  voyages  of  the  Scotia,  was  brought  to  a  very 
satisfactory  termination.  To  the  Scotia  belongs  the 
distinction  of  having  attained  the  latitude  of  74°  i ' 
South.  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  supplied  the 
entire  medical  equipment,  which  gave  the  utmost 
satisfaction,  and  were  very  favourably  reported  on  by 
Dr.  J.  H.  Harvey  Pirie,  the  Medical  Officer  of  the 
Scotia. 

In  each  instance  the  medicine  chests  were  brought 
back,  and  the  remaining  contents  were  found  to  have 
retained  their  therapeutic  activity,  notwithstanding  the 
rigour  of  the  climate  to  which  they  had  been  subjected. 


HISTORICAL      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


Sir  Ernest  H.  Shackleton,  on  his  memorable 
voyage-  with  the  Nimrod,  when  he  penetrated  to  within 
ninety-seven  miles  of  the  South  Pole,  took  with  him 
as  his  sole  medical  equipment  'Tabloid'  Medicine 
Chests  and  Cases,  and  the  subjoined  reports  show  that 
under  the  trying  and  difficult  conditions  of  Antarctic 
exploration  '  Tabloid '  medicines  maintained  their 
reputation  for  efficiency  and  stability. 

Co/>j'  of  Report  dated  Sept.  17,  1909  :  — 

The  British  Antarctic  Expedition,  1907-9,  was  equipped 
with  a  very  complete  Medical  Equipment  contracted  for 
solely  by  Messrs.  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. ,  and  consisting 
of  '  Soloid  '  and  *  Tabloid  '  Preparations,  which  are  the  only 
forms  that  can  be  conveniently  carried  and  preserved  under 
such  conditions. 

The  packets  of  Compressed  Dressings  are  an  extremely 
convenient  form. 

The  Congo  Cases  (No.  251,  '  Tal)loid'  Brand)  were  always 
used  when  at  our  base,  and  both  the  party  of  three  who 
reached  the  South  Magnetic  Pole,  and  the  party  under 
Lieut.  Shackleton,  who  attained  a  point  97  miles  from  the 
Geographical  South  Pole,  carried  a  brown  leather  '  Tabloid '' 
Case,  and  all  the  '  Tabloid '  products  that  remain  are  now  in 
as  good  condition  as  when  first  handed  over  to  my  care  two 
years  ago. 

The  Nimrod  was  also  supplied  with  '  Tabloid '  Cases  and 
Equipment. 

The  '  Tabloid  '  Photographic  Outfit  supplied  by 
Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  proved  entirely  satisfactory. 

Signed 

British  Antarctic  Expedition,   1907  9 

Ernest  H.  Shackleton 

Commander 

Eric  P.   Marshall,   M.K.C.S.,  L.R.C.P. 
Surgeon  to  the  Expedition 


118 


HISTORICAL       MEDICAL       EC^UIPMENTS 


s.s.    "Nimrod" 
British      Antarctic      Expedition,     1907-9 

The  entire  medical  equipment  of  this  Expedition  was 
furnished  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 


HYPODERMIC       POCKET-CASES,      'TABLOID        BKAND 


119 


HYPODERMIC      POCKET-CASES 

'Tabloid'   brand 
[Mi  B.  W.  &  Co.] 

Special  Designs,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

The  word  'TABLOID' is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

'Tabloid'     Hypodermic     Pocket -Cases     provide    complete 
armamentaria  for  hypodermic  work.       Primarily  intended  for 
emergency    purposes,     such    essentials   as    compact- 
ness   and    convenience    in    use    have    received    the     J°^^^^^. 
fullest   attention,  and   with  unique   result.      A   full     pocket 
equipment  of  hypodermic  drugs  of  utmost  reliability 
and   accuracy  of  dosage,   together  with   syringe  and    needles, 
may,  by  means  of  a  '  Tabloid '  Hypodermic  Outfit,  be  earned 
easily  in  the  waistcoat -pocket. 

Hypodermic  'Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket-Cases  are  issued  in 
gold,  silver,  gun-metal,  nickel-plated  metal,  or  aluminium, 
and  in  a  great  variety  of  fancy  leathers.  Each  contains  a 
B.  W.  &  Co.  Hypodermic  Syringe  with  needles,  and  from  five 
to  fifteen  tubes  of  '  Tabloid '  Brand  Hypodermic  products,  etc. 

NO.    3.    Hypodermic    'Tabloid'    Brand     PocKnx-CASE 


5.     Hypodermic  'Tahi.oid'  Kkand 
Pocket-Case 

Measurements  :   3^  X  -J  X  g  in. 


In  Cowhide,  Pigskin, 
Crocodile,  Morocco,  Seal 
and  other  fine  leathers. 
Fitted  with  twelve  tubes 
of  'Tabloid'  Hypodermic 
products,  B.  W.  &  Co. 
patent  nickel-plated  hypo- 
dermic syringe,  and  two 
regular  steel  needles. 


120 


MODERN       MEDICAL       EQUIPMENTS 


No.  7.    Hypoder.wic  'Tabloid  '  Brand   Pocket-Case 

With  special  detach- 
able aseptic  frame  of 
novel  design,  and  re- 
volving rack  (nickel- 
plated).  Fitted  with 
twelve  tubes  of 
'  Tabloid  '  Hypoder- 
mic  products,  a 
B.  W.  &  Co.  patent 
nickel-plated  s>Tinge, 
one  exploring  and  two 
regular  steel  needles. 
This  Case,  after  the 
removal  of  the  tubes 
of  Hypodermic  pro- 
ducts, may  be  steril- 
No.  7.     Hypodermic    '  Tabloid  '    Brand  ised   with   ease.      In 

Pocket-Case  Gun-metal,      Alumi- 

Measuremenis  :   3^  X  3^  X  f  in.  nium,  or  Silver. 


No. 


10.      Aseptic    Hypodermic    'Tabloid' 
Pocket-Case 


Brand 


This  Case  is  a  model  of  compact  completeness.      It  is  made  of  nickel- 

plated  metal,  each  edge  and 
corner  being  smoothly  rounded. 
It  contains  the  E.  W.  &  Co. 
All-Glass  Aseptic  Hypodermic 
SjTinge,  with  detachable  nickel- 
plated  finger-grip,  and  two  regu- 
lar steel  needles  enclosed  in  a  pro- 
tective tube.  Each  part  of  the 
syringe  is  separately  held  in  a 
holdfast  clip. 

The  tubes  of  'Tabloid'  Hypo- 
dermic products,  five  in  number, 
are  carried  in  a  hinged  rack, 
which  securely  holds  them  when 
the  case  is  closed,  and  which, 
when  swung  outwards,  allows  of 
the  easy  withdrawal  of  the  desired 
tube.  Complete  with  doeskin 
cover. 


No.  10.    Aseptic  Hypodermic 
'  Tabloid  '  Brand  Pocket-Case 

Measurements  :    2^   X  1§  X  ^  in. 


No.    20.    Aseptic    Hypodermic    'Tabloid'    Brand 
Pocket-Case 


Fitted    with    ten   tubes    of   '  Tabloid '     Hypodermic   products,   a  small 
glass  phial,    stoppered   and   capped,    for   ether.      B.    W.  &   Co.  All-Glass 


HYI'ODERMIC       HOCKET-CASES,         TABLOID 


121 


Hypodermic  Syringe  (each  part  securely  held  by  a  separate  clip),  with  two 
steel  needles,  finger  grip,  etc.  In  nickel-plated  metal,  complete  with 
doeskin  cover. 


No.  20.    AsEi'Tic  Hypodermic  'Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket-Case 

MeasLueinents  :  4^  X   l^'  X  f  in. 

No.  21.  Hypodermic  'Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket-Case 
Measurements  :  4  X  3^  X  i^  in.  Fitted  with  nine  tubes  of  '  Tabloid  ' 
Hypodermic  products,  a  B.  W.  &  Co.  patent  nickel-plated  hypodermic 
syringe  with  two  steel  needles,  a  small  phial,  glass-stoppered  and  capped, 
for  sterilised  water,  capsule  of  ether,  etc.  In  Morocco  and  other  fine 
leathers. 


No.  23. 


Aseptic    Hypodermic    'Tabloid 
Pocket-Case 


Brand 


No.  ■z-x 


AsKrxic  Hypodermic  •  Tabloid 
Brand  Pocket-Case 
leasuierneuts     :;i  X  lij  X  \  in. 


In  Aluminium  or  Gun- 
metal,  with  special  de- 
tachable nickel  -  plated 
aseptic  frame  and  re- 
volving rack.  Contents 
same  as  those  of  No.  21 
Case,  with  the  addition  of 
a  steel  exploring  needle. 
This  Case,  after  the 
removal  of  the  tubes  of 
'Tabloid'  Hypodermic 
products,  may  be  steril- 
ised with  ease. 


122 


MODERN       MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


No.  32. 


ASEPTIC    Hypodermic    'Tabloid 
Pocket-Case    (The  Mussel  Shell) 


Brand 


OPEN  CLOSED 

No.  32.     Aseptic  Hypodermic  'Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket-Case 

(T/ie  Mussel  Shell) 

:^ea8uremen^a  :3j  X   if  X  |  in. 

Made  of  nickel-plated  metal,  occupies  verj'  little  space,  and  is  conveniently 
shaped  for  the  pocket.  Fitted  with  nickel-plated  hj-podermic  syringe, 
one  exploring  and  two  regular  steel  needles,  and  five  tubes  of  '  Tabloid ' 
Hypodermic  products.  This  Case  is  also  supplied  fitted  with  a  B.  W.  &  Co. 
All-Glass  Aseptic  Hypodermic  SjTinge,  etc.  (as  illustrated),  but  ivithout 
'  Tabloid '  Hj-podermic  Products.     Complete  with  leather  or  doeskin  cover. 


No.    40. 


ASEPTIC    Hypodermic    'Tabloid' 
Pocket-Case    {The    Mussel  Shell) 


Brand 


Xo.   40.      Aseptic   Hypodermic 

'  Tabloid  '  Brand  Pocket-Case 

(Mussel  Shell). 

Measurements  :  3^  X   if  X  J  in. 


A  particularly  efficient  and  convenient 
pocket  -  case.  The  component  parts 
are  held  securely  in  clips  and  rack. 
The  spring  catch  is  of  improved  design 
and  most  effective  in  use.  Maxi- 
mum security  is  thus  attained.  The 
case  contains  a  B.  W.  &  Co.  All-Glass 
Hypodermic  S>Tinge,  with  detachable 
finger-grip,  two  regular  steel  needles, 
one  exploring  needle,  and  five  tubes 
of  'Tabloid'  Hypodermic  products, 
etc.  In  nickel-plated  metal,  com- 
plete with  doeskin  cover. 


HYPODERMIC    AND    OPHTHALMIC     POCKET-CASES,     'TABLOID       BKANU 


123 


HYPODERMIC    &     OPHTHALMIC     POCKET-CASES 

'Tabloid'   brand  [-  B.  w.  &  Co.] 

No.  80.    Hypodermic  and  Ophthalmic  'Tabloid'  Brand 
Pocket-Case    (The   " British  Army  Regulation") 


In  Aluminium.       Contains  thir- 
teen  tubes    of  '  Tabloid  '    Hypo- 
dermic    products,    ten    tubes    of 
'  Tabloid  '  Ophthalmic   products, 
two  camel-hair  brushes,  a  pair  of 
minute    forceps,    and    a    booklet 
giving   a   summary   of    the   chief 
uses  of  the  products.    Being  easily 
No.  80.     Hypodermic  and  Ophthal-     carried   in    the  waistcoat-pocket, 
MIC  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  Pocket-Case     ^^is  Case  isextremely  well  adapted 
(The     British  Army  Regulation   ) 

Measurements  :  sj  X  0^  X  |  in.  'or  emergency  use. 


"' 

r^ 

1 

— — 

.^.^^ 

. 

iiininJ 

[111  tr 

rm' 

m 

■f^^^^i 

:.:-..S-cii 

U-i 

^, 

Ophthalmic   Pocket-Cases 
'Tabloid'    brand   [^  b.  w.  &  Co.] 

Special  Designs,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  c^  Co. 

The  word  'Tabloid'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

'  Tabloid '  Ophthalmic  Pocket-Cases  are  the  most  compact 
and  complete  equipments  for  ophthalmic  work.  In  a  space  of 
two  or  three  cubic  inches  they  contain  supplies  of  active  and 
accurately-divided  ophthalmic  drugs,  solution  dropper,  camel- 
hair  brushes,  etc. 

No.  91.      Aseptic    Ophthalmic    'Tabloid      Brand 
Pocket-Case 

In  nickel-plated  metal.  Fitted 
with  nine  tubes  of  '  Tabloid  '  and 
'  Soloid  '  Ophthalmic  products, 
in  nickel-plated  rack,  vulcanite 
rod,  solution  dropper,  mortar, 
pestle,  and  two  camel-hair 
brushes.  This  Case,  after  the 
removal  of  the  contents,  may  be 
sterilised  with  ease.  Complete 
with  doeskin  cover. 


JJlllf 


^^ 


No.  91.     Aseptic   Ophthalmic 
Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket-Cask 

."Ueasuieiiieuts  :  -jj  X  ij  X  \  in. 


124 


MODERN   MEDICAL   EQUIHMENTS 


No.  92.    Aseptic    Ophthalmic    'Tabloid'   Brand 
P  O  c  K  E T  - C  A  S  E    (The  Mussel  Shell) 

In  nickel-plated  metal.  Fitted  with 
seven  tubes  of  '  Tabloid '  Ophthalmic 
products,  mortar,  pestle,  vulcanite 
rod,  solution  dropper  and  two  camel- 
hair  brushes.  Enclosed  in  a  doeskin 
cover.  The  shape  and  size  of  this 
Case  make  it  specially  suitable  for 
carr^-ing  in  the  waistcoat-pockeL 
After  removal  of  the  contents,  the 
Case  can  readily  be  sterilised. 


No.  02.     Aseptic    Ophthalmic 
•Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket-Case 
(The  Mussel  Shell) 

:-:c^buicairiit^:    Ci  X  :i  X  t  in. 


For 

emergen- 
cies 


Medicine    Pocket-Cases   'Tabloid'   brand 

[^  B.  W.  &  Co.] 

(Special  Designs,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.) 
The  word  'TABLOID'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 
'  Tabloid '  Medicine  Pocket-Cases  are  compact  equipments 
of  pure,  active  drugs,  di\nded,  ready  for  administration,  into 
accurate  doses.  They  enable  physicians  to  have 
always  with  them  an  equipment  of  reliable  medicines 
specially  for  emergency  use.  '  Tabloid '  Pocket-Cases 
are  recognised  as  an  essential  in  the  physician's  equipment  for 
countr}'  districts  and  when  travelHng. 

\Mien  weighing  and  measuring  are  impossible,  and  when  the 
carriage  of  liquids  is  impracticable,  the  convenience  and  the 
extreme  portability  of  'Tabloid'  Medicine  Pocket-Cases,  which 
enable  the  physician  to  dispense  emergency  medicines  at  the 
time  of  his  visit,  will  be  fully  appreciated. 

No.  115.    'Tabloid'    Brand  Medicine   Pocket-Case 


Contains  ten  \  oz. 
als  filled  with 
'  Tabloid '  Brand  pro- 
ducts, etc.  In  Seal, 
Pigskin,  Cowhide, 
Morocco  and  other 
fine  leathers. 


No.  115.     •  Taelg;..  '    iJ^.A;.„   2\1; 
Pocket-Case 

:»leasuretuen*LS     '^J  X  ;<|  X  is  it 


MEniCINF.       I'OCKET-CASES,      'TAI'.I.OID'        BRAND 


125 


No.  117.    'Tabloid'    Brand   Medicine    Pocket-Case 

This  Case  is  somewhai 
larger  and  more  comprehen- 
sive than  the  No.  115  Case. 
It  contains  sixteen  hoz.  phials 
of  'Tabloid'  Brand  products, 
etc.  In  Cowhide,  Pigskin, 
Crocodile,  Morocco  and 
other  fine  leathers. 


wmmmmmmi 


S999SS9WI 


No.  T17.  'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine 
Pocket-Cask 

Measuremeais  :  7^  x  4  X  3  in. 


No.  124.    'Tabloid'    Brand   Medicine   Pocket-Case 

Fitted  with  from  sixteen  to 
twent3'-four  tubes  of  Tabloid  ' 
Brand  products,  according 
to  size  of  products.  In  Seal, 
Crocodile,  Morocco  and  other 
fine  leathers.  This  Case  was 
specially  designed  for  con- 
veniently carrying  in  the 
breast    pocket,    on    ordinary 

occasions,  a  stock  of  medicines 

Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  ^  .  .  .       -- 

Pocket-Case  sufficient  to  meet  a  variety  of 

:-[easurements:  6i  X  4  X  U  in.  circunistances. 


No.  124 


No.  125.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Pocket-Case 


Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine 
Pocket-Case 


Specially  fitted  for  emer- 
gency' purposes  with  fourteen 
tubes  of '  Tabloid '  Brand  pro- 
ducts, and  a  removable  tray 
containing  an  equipment  of 
twelve  tubes  of  '  Tabloid ' 
Hypodermic  products, 
B.  W.  &  Co.  nickel-plated 
hypodermic  syringe  and  two 
regular  steel  needles.  In 
Cowhide      and      other      fine 


leasureme 


nte  :  0^  X  4  X   lA 


MOnF.RN'     Mr.niCAI.     fouipmkxts 


No.   l^X    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine   Pocket-Case 


No      133         '1    \1I      H  1        \M3    Ml  DICINE 

P>^^Kt..  Case 

ileasureinents:   6j  X  4A    X   1^  i"- 


An  ideal  pocket- 
case,  which  closes 
without  straps  or 
other  external  fas- 
tening. Metal 
body,  covered  with 
black  Morocco  or 
Cowhide.  Contains 
eight  i-oz.  phials 
of  '  Tabloid '  Brand 
products,  etc.,  and 
wallet  for  papers. 


No.  141.    'Tabloid'    Brand   Medicine    Pocket-Case 


No.  141.     'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Pocket-Case 

Measurements  ;  T^  X  ■*   X  2^  in 


In  Morocco  leather.  Fitted  with  fifteen  ^  oz.  phials  of  'Tabloid  Brand 
products,  and  a  compartment  containing  small  boxes  for  the  physician's  use 
in  distributing  the  contents  of  the  Case.     Design  similar  to  No.  117  Case. 


CYCLE,      ETC.,      MEDICINE      CASES,         TABLOID         BRAND 


127 


CYCLE-    Carriage-   and   Motor-Car   Cases 

Medical    equipment   Chests,    etc. 

'Tabloid'   brand 

[^i  B.  W.  &  Co.] 

(Special  Designs,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  S:  Co.) 

The  word  'Tabloid'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine 
products  issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should 
always  be  specified  when  ordering. 

'  Tabloid '  Cycle-  Carriage-  and  Motor-Car  Cases  and  Medical 
Equipment  Chests  contain   'Tabloid,'   '  Soloid '  and 
other  fine  products  of  B.  W,  &  Co.,  minor  surgical    g°nerai 
instruments   and    sundry    emergency   dressings.       A    practi- 
great   variety  is   prepared  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  professional  men  in  home  practice,  according  to  the  extent 
and  the  special  character  of  their  particular  requirements. 

'  Tabloid '  Medical  Equipment  Chests  and  Cases  provide  com- 
plete portable  dispensaries  for  practitioners  in  distant 
stations,    missionaries,   explorers  and  expeditions  of    ^°'^  .  . 

'  '         f  r  physicians, 

all  kinds.     For  such  purposes  they  are  the  only  really    explorers, 
.satisfactory  form  of  medical  equipment,  and  have  been     ™^^^'°"^' 
universally  adopted.      In  addition  to  full  supplies  of 
accurately-dosed,   permanent  and   reliable  drugs,   these  equip- 
ments contain  minor  surgical  instruments  and  dre.ssings. 

No.  137.    'Tabloid'    Brand   Medicine  Saddle-Case 


No.  137.     'Tabloid' Brand 
Medicine  Saddle-Case 


In  Cowhide  or  Pigskin.  Measure- 
ments :  7i  X  4J  X  2|  in.  Fitted 
in  the  same  way  as  No.  117  Case 
{seepage  125),  with  sixteen  \  oz.  phials 
of  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  products,  etc. 


No.    139.    'Tabloid'   Brand   Medicine   Saddle-Case 

Similar  to  No.  137,  but  fitted  with  feather-weight  tubes.    Measurements  : 
^\  X  4^  X  2J  in. 


128 


MODERN   MEDICAL   EQUIPMENTS 


No.    200.     Physician's    Cycle    Handle-Bar    'Tabloid 
Brand    Medicine    Case 


No.  200.     Physician's  Cycle  Handle-Bar  'Tabloid'  Brand 
Medicine  Case 

In  black  enamelled  Cowhide.  Measurements :  8^  X  2J  X  4J  in.  Fitted 
complete  with  nine  i  oz.  phials  of  '  Tabloid '  Brand  products,  minor  surgical 
instruments,  and  sundry  emergencj'  dressings.     Weight,  about  li  lb. 


No.  202.    Physician's  Cycle  Stay-Bar  'Tabloid'  Brand 
Medicine   Case 

In  black  enamelled  Cowhide.  Measurements  :  10  X  zf  X  5  in.  Fitted 
complete  with  twelve  ^  oz.  phials  of  '  Tabloid '  Brand  products,  minor 
surgical  instruments  and  dressings.     .Similar  in  design  to  No.  200  Case. 


No.   206.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Chest 
(As  carried  by  Mr.   Thos.  Stevens) 

A  reduced  facsimile  of  No.  20S  Chest  (see"  page  129).  Measurements: 
14J  X  4^  X  7i  in.  Made  of  dressed  and  varnished  Raw-hide.  Fitted 
with  twelve  2h  oz.  stoppered  bottles  of  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  Brand 
products,  instruments  for  minor  surgery,  dressings,  etc. 


MHUICINE       CHESTS       AND       CASES,      '  TABLOID  '       BRAND  129 


No.   208.     'Tabloid"    Brand    Medicine    Chest 


No.  208.     '  Tabloid  '  Brand  Medicine  Chest 

Made  of  dressed  and  varnished  Raw-hide ;  very  light,  portable  and 
durable.  Measurements:  15^  X  5J  X  9  in.  Fitted  with  twelve  4  oz. 
stoppered  bottles  of  'Tabloid'  and  'Soloid'  Brand  products,  instruments 
for  minor  surgery,  dressings,  etc. 


No.   20  9.    "Tabloid"    Brand    Medicine    Case 

In  Morocco  leather,  Cowhide  or  Pigskin.  Measurements :  10  X  5  X 
65  in.  Contains  nine  i  oz.,  twenty-four  i  oz.  and  thirteen  2  dr.  phials  of 
'  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  Brand  products ;  medicine  measure,  extra  pockets, 
and  loops  for  instruments ;  twelve  tubes  of  '  Tabloid '  Hypodermic 
products,  B.  "W.  &  Co.  nickel-plated  hypodermic  syringe,  two  regular 
steel  needles,  etc. 


No.  219.    'Tabloid'    Brand   Medicine   Case 

In  Morocco  leather.  Measurements:  13^  X  6  X  6i  in.  Metal  frame. 
Contains  eight  2  oz.  stoppered,  ten  i  oz.,  twelve  6  dr.,  eight  4  dr.  and  ten 
2  dr.  corked  phials.  The  rows  of  phials  are  arranged  to  fall  so  as  to  show 
the  labels.  Fitted  with  'Tabloid'  and  'Soloid'  Brand  products,  twelve 
tubes  of  'Tabloid'  Hypodermic  products,  B.  W.  &  Co.  nickel-plated 
hypodermic  syringe,  with  two  regular  steel  needles,  etc. 


130  MODERN      MEDICAL      EQUIPMEXT.s 


No.  220.    'Tabloid"    Brand    iMEDiciNE    Case 

In  Morocco  leather  or  Cowhide.  Measurements  :  14  X  5^  X  oj  in. 
Phials  arranged  in  tiers  to  display  labels.  Contains  eight  2  oz.  stoppered, 
twelve  I  oz.,  fourteen  6  dr.  and  sixteen  4  dr.  phials  of  'Tabloid'  and 
•  Soloid  ■  Brand  products,  twelve  tubes  of  '  Tabloid '  Hj-podermic  products, 
B.  W.  &  Co.  nickel-plated  hypodermic  sjTinge,  two  regular  steel  needles, 
space  and  loops  for  instruments,  etc.     Similar  in  design  to  No.  221  Case. 


No.   221.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Case 


Tabloid"  Brand  Medicine  C.vse 


In  extra  finish  Cowhide,  Morocco,  Crocodile  or  Pigskin.  Measurements  : 
14  X  5J  X  oi  in.  Fitted  in  the  same  way  as  No.  220  Case,  with  the 
addition  of  nine  2  dr.  phials  of  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  Brand  products, 
and  a  glass-stoppered  and  capped  ether  bottle. 


No.  22  7.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Case 

In  Cowhide  or  Pigskin.  Measurements  :  65  X  3I  X  3  in.  Made  of  two 
metal  cups  and  frames  covered  with  leather.  Arranged  to  contain  twenty 
i^  dr.,  twelve  i  dr.  and  fourteen  \  dr.  tu'ues  of  'Tabloid'  and  'Soloid' 
Brand  products.     Weight,  about  2  lb.  6  oz. 


No.  229.    'Tabloid'   Brand   Medicine  Case 

This  case  is  conveniently  shaped  for  packing  in  trunk,  kit-bag  or  uniform 
case.  Its  rounded  corners  prevent  injury-  to  adjacent  articles.  Measure- 
ments :  85  X  5^  X  3f  in.  Made  of  two  metal  cups  and  frames  covered 
with  Cowhide.  Arranged  to  hold  fort>-  4  dr.  phials  of  '  Tabloid  '  and 
'  Soloid  ■  Brand  products.     Weight,  about  4  lb.  13  oz. 


MKUICINE       CHESTS       AND       CASES,      'TABLOIO         BKAaMJ 


131 


No.   230.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Case 

A  Morocco  leather  or  Cowhide  case,  which,  when  closed,  measures 
8  X  si  X  2^  in.  Fitted  with  ten  phials  of  'Tabloid'  and  '  Soloid  ' 
Brand  products,  instruments  for  minor  surgery,  and  emergency  dressings. 


No.  230.     'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Case 


Conveniently  shaped  for  packing  in  trunk  or  bag.  This  case  provides 
a  remarkably  compact  outfit  of  emergency  drugs,  instruments  and 
dressings,  and  will  be  found  of  particular  utility  when  the  practitioner 
is  working  at  some  distance. 


No.   231.     'Tabloid'    Brand   Medicine   Case 
(As  suggested  by  Sir  W.  ]Moore) 


In  black  japanned 
metal.  Measurements : 
io|  X  7j  X  3  in.  Contains 
fifteen  i  oz.  corked  phials, 
and  one  4  oz.  corked 
bottle ;  instruments  for 
minor  surgery,  and  dress- 
ings. Complete  with 
'Tabloid 'Brand  products, 
etc.,  as  recommended  in 
Sir  W.  IMooke's  Manual 
of  Family  Medicine  for 
India.  Weight,  about 
6  lb.  14  oz. 


Ni).  2ii.     'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Case 


132 


MODERN      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


No.  250.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Chest 

(As  supplied   to  the    late   Sir   H.   M.    Stanley,  Emin  Pasha,    Military 
Expeditions,  Missionaries,  etc.) 

This  Medicine  Chest  and  also  No.  251  Chest,  which  is  further  referred  to 
on  the  following  page,  have  earned  high  encomiums  from  explorers.  It  was 
with  reference  to  them  that  the  late  Sir  H.  M.  Stanley  said  : — 

■'  In  my  early  expeditions  into  Africa,  there  was  one  secret  wish 
which  endured  with  me  always,  and  that  was  to  ameliorate  the 
miseries  of  African  explorers.  How  it  was  to  be  done,  I  knew  not ; 
who  was  to  do  it,  I  did  not  know.  But  I  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Messrs.  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  As  soon  as  I  came  in  sight  of 
their  preparations  and  their  works,  I  found  the  consummation  of  my  secret 
wish.  On  my  later  expeditions  I  had  all  the  medicines  that  were 
required  for  my  black  men,  as  well  as  my  white  men,  beautifully  prepared, 
and  in  most  elegant  fashion  arranged  in  the  smallest  medicine  chest  it 
was  ever  my  lot  to  carry  into  Africa." 


No.   250.     'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Chest 


In  japanned  sheet-steel.  Measurements :  15I  X  lo^  X  8^  in.  Contains 
six  5  oz.  and  thirty  3§  oz.  glass-stoppered  bottles  of  'Tabloid,'  '  Soloid ' 
and  other  fine  products  of  B.  W.  &  Co.,  in  movable  teak-wood  tray. 
The  lid  (in  two  sections)  is  arranged  to  hold  supplies  of  'Tabloid' 
Bandages  and  Dressings,  instruments  for  minor  surgery,  and  other  accessories. 
Weight,  about  40  lb. 


This  Chest,  and  No.  251  Chest,  are  the 
expeditions  and  stations. 


standard  equipments  for  large 


MEDICINE      CHESTS      AND      CASES,         TABLOID 


133 


No.  251.    'Tabloid'   Brand   Medicine   Chest 

(As  supplied  to  the  Jackson-Harmsworth  Polar  Expedition,  The  National 

Antarctic    Expedition,    The    British    Antarctic    Expedition, 

Sir  Sven  Hedin,  etc.) 


No.  251.     'Taijluiu'  Bkanu  Medicine  Chest 

Measurements  :  15JX  lo^xSi  in.  Weight,  about  27  lb.  Made  of  aluminium. 
Contains  forty  35  oz.  feather-weight  bottles  of  '  Tabloid,'  '  Soloid  '  and 
other  fine  products  of  B.  W.  &  Co.  In  other  respects  it  is  fitted  in  the 
same  way  as  No.  250  Chest.  The  ideal  expeditionary  chest  when  lightness 
and  completeness  of  equipment  are  essential. 


No.  254.    'Tabloid'   Brand   Medicine  Chest  (The  Indian) 

In  japanned  metal. 
Measurements :  gj  X  7 
X  65  in.  Contains 
sixteen  if  oz.  glass- 
stoppered  bottles,  and  six 
4  dr.  phials  of  '  Tabloid  ' 
and  '  Soloid  '  Brand 
products,  instruments 
and  tray  carrying 
sundry  dressings,  etc. 
Weight,  about  12  lb. 
As    carried    by    the    late 

.vo-^— G.  W.  Steevens,  the  war 

correspondent. 
No.  254.     'Tabloid'  Bhand  Medicine  Chest 
(The  Indian) 


13i 


MODERN      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


No.  256.    'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Chest 
(As  supplied  to  the  Duke  of  the  Abruzzi's  Polar  Expedition) 

In  Aluminium.  Measurements  :  loi  X  6  X  7§  in.  Fitted  with  eighteen 
3j  oz.  feather-weight  tubes  of  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  Brand  products, 
and  a  tray  containing  minor  dressings  and  sundries. 

A  similar  chest  is  supplied  in  black  japanned  metal,  and  is  known  as 
No.  255  Chest.  The  contents  are  the  same  as  No.  256  Chest,  with  the 
exception  that  the  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  Brand  products  are  in  glass- 
stoppered  bottles. 

No.  25  8.    'Tabloid'  Brand   Medicine   Case  (The  Settler's) 

In  black  japanned  metal. 
Measurements:  8^  X  4:^  X 
5I  in.  Contains  twelve  i  J  oz. 
bottles  of  '  Tabloid '  and 
'  Soloid  *  Brand  products, 
•  Hazeline '  Cream,  *  Tabloid ' 
Bandages  and  Dressings, 
adhesive  plaster  and  other 
accessories.  A  ver>'  compact 
and  useful  case,  adapted  for 
settlers'  or  planters'  use,  and 
for  stations,  farms  or  camps 
in  outl^nng  districts. 

No.  258.  'Tabloid'  Brand  Medicine  Case 
(T/ie  Settlers) 


No.  603.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Medicine    Case 

Measurements :  65  X  3j  X  2  in.  Fitted  with  five  oval  bottles  of 
'  Tabloid  '  Brand  products :  Cascara  Sagrada,  gr.  2  ;  Phenacetin  Com- 
pound ;  Potassium  Chlorate  and  Borax  ;  Quinine  Bisulphate,  gr.  2,  and 
Soda-Mint,  also  one  bottle  of  '  Soloid  '  Boric  Acid,  gr.  6  (perfumed). 


No.  i':^':).    'Tabloid     Brand    Emergency   Belt 

Measurements:  43  x  4^  in.,  with  buckles  and  shoulder  straps;  seven 
waterproof  pouches,  fitted  as  follows :  Aluminium  case  of  surgical 
instruments  ;  aluminium  case  containing  Hypodermic  Syringe  and  '  Tabloid  ' 
Hypodermic  products ;  twenty-three  feather-weight  tubes  of  '  Tabloid 
and  '  Soloid '  Brand  products ;  combined  mortar  and  medicine  cup, 
emergency  dressings,  etc. 


ANALYSIS      CASES.       'SOLOID'       BRAND 


ANTIDOTE   Case,    'Tabloid'    brand 
[s  B.  w.  &  Co.] 

Special  Design,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

The  word  'TABLOID'is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

A  compact  equipment,  containing  apparatus  and  drugs 
ready  for  immediate  use  in  the  treatment  of  poisoning. 


No.  300.    'Tabloid'    Brand    Antidote    Case 

Measurements:  12  X  6  X  sin. 
Fitted  with  stomach  syphon- 
tube,  catheter,  B.  W.  &  Co. 
nickel  -  plated  hypodermic 
syringe,  two  needles, 
'Tabloid'  Hypodermic  pro- 
ducts, '  Vaporole  '  Amyl 
Nitrite,  and  toxicological 
chart ;  also  eighteen  ^  oz. 
phials  and  three  tubes  of 
'  Tabloid '  Brand  antidotes, 
etc.,  etc. 

No.  300.     'Tabloid'  Brand  Antidote 
Case 


ANALYSIS   Cases,    'Soloid'   Brand 
[i^  B.  W.  &  Co.] 

Special  Designs,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

The  word  'SOLOID  '  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 


No.  500.    'SoLoiD'    Brand    Water    Analysis    Case 

This  convenient  hand-case  supplies  the  apparatus,  reagents, 
etc.,   necessary  for  examining  samples  of  drinking- 
water  at  the  source  of  supply,   and  for  drawing  up   instantly 
the  usual   reports   concerning  the   suitability   of  the   ^^  source 
water  for  domestic  purposes,     f/^o/-  illustration,  see  next  page. ) 


136 


MODEKN       MEDICAL       EQUM'MENTS 


Measurements  :  12^  X  loi  X  4I  in.  It  contains  a  nickel  evaporating 
basin,  Erlenmeyer  flask,  tripod,  spirit  lamp.  100  c.c.  and  other  graduated 
cylinders,  capsules  of 
'  Soloid '  Brand  Xess- 
ler's  Solution,  '  Soloid  ' 
Brand  products  of 
Metaphenylene- 
diamine  Sulphate,  Po- 
tassium Chromate, 
Potassium  Ferrocya- 
nide,  Potassium 
Permanganate,  Silver 
Nitrate,  Soap,  Sodium 
Bi sulphate,  Zinc 
Dust,    etc. 

In  case  of  breakage, 
the  "whole  or  any  single 
piece  of  the  apparatus 
may  be  obtained  sepa- 
rately. The  supply  of 
'Soloid'  reagents  may  Xo.  500.  'Soloid'  Brand  Water  Analysis 
be  renewed.  Case 


Fuller  particulars  0/ these  and  other  examples  sent  on  request 


No.  505.    'Soloid'    Brand    Bacteriological    Case 


No. 


Soloid'  Brand  Bacteriological  C.\se 

jleasaretnents  :    5  X  3^  X   if  in. 


This  case  enables  medical  men  to  carry  out  examinations  which 
formerly  were  usually  submitted  to  laboratory  workers.  Owing 
to  its  small  size  and  light  weight  it  can  readily  be  carried  in  the 
pocket  to  the  patient's  bedside,  to  obtain  a  blood  specimen  or 


EST      CASE,      'SOLOIU 


a  throat  swab.     The  case  is  made  of  nickel-plated  metal,  easily 
rendered  aseptic,  and  contains  : 

Three  stoppered  bottles,  contain- 
ing:— 

Methyl  alcohol,  dr.  lA 

Absolute  alcohol,  dr.  ik 

Distilled  water,  dr.  i^ 
A  rod-stoppered  bottle  of  Canada 

balsam 
A  graduated  pipette 
Cover-glass  forceps 
Dissection  forceps 
Twelve  microscopic  slides 
A  spirit  lamp 
A  glass  funnel 
Two  watch-glasses 
A  packet  of  filter  papers 


A  metal  case  of  needles  (straight 
No.  9) 

A    supply    of    blood-collecting 
pipettes 

Fifty  cover-slips 

A  glass  rod  for  powdering  micro- 
scopic stains,  etc. 

A  sterile  swab 

A  tube  each  of  the  following 
'  Soloid  '  stains : — 
Eosin,  Methyl  Violet,  Fuchsine, 
Romano wsky  Stain,  Eosin - 
Methylene  Blue,  Methylene 
Blue,  Haematoxylin  (Dela- 
field),  Toison  Blood  Fluid. 


No.  310.    'SoLoiD'    Brand    Urine    Test    Case 


The  clinical  importance  of  urine  analysis  is  fully  recognised 
This   case   provides,   in  a   most   compact   and    con- 
venient    form,     the    requirements    for    making    an    analysis 
examination    of  urine   at   the    bedside, 
their  purity  and  accuracy,  the  '  Soloid '  Brand  pro 
ducts  contained  in  this  case  make  reliable  test  solutions  without 
further  weighing. 


Owing     to    instantly  at 
°  the  bedside 


In  nickel-plated    metal,    which  is  easil 


No. 


'Soi.oin'  Brand  Urine  Test 
Case 

Veasuremenls  :  5f  X  2;}  X   ij  in. 
Acid.     Each    portion    of  the    apparatus   can  also    be    obtained    separately 
Complete  with  doeskin  cover. 


endered  aseptic.  It  contains 
a  complete  set  of 
materials  for  making  an 
examination  of  urine, 
both  qualitative  and 
quantitative,  for  albu- 
min, sugar,  etc.  The 
outfit  includes  a  urino- 
meter,  Esbach's  albu- 
minimeter,  a  graduated 
measure,  pipette,  test- 
tubes  and  stand,  test- 
papers,  spirit  lamp, 
analysis  charts,  and  a 
good  supply  of  •  Soloid  ' 
reagents,  including 

Fehling's  Test,  Indigo 
Test,  Picric  Acid, 
Potassium  Ferro- 
cyanide      and       Citric 


MODF.RN      MEDICAL      EQUIPMENTS 


'TABLOID'    BRAND    FlRST-AlD 
For  Automobilists,  Aviators,  Aeronauts,  Yachts- 
men,   Sportsmen,    Travellers,    Tourists,    Etc.) 
[s?  B.  W.  &  Co.] 

Special  Designs,  the  property  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

The  word  'TABLOID' is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

These  equipments  provide  compact,  complete  outfits  of  emer- 
gency medicines,  dressings  and  first-aid  accessories.  Portable 
and  convenient,  they  comprise  an  ideal  outfit  for  motorists, 
cyclists,  aeronauts,  yachtsmen  and  explorers. 

No.  702.    'Tabloid'    Brand    First-Aid 


No.  702.     'Tabloid'  Brand  First-Aid 

In  rex  red,  royal  blue  or  Brewster  green  enamelled  leather.  Measure- 
ments :  7  X  55  X  2I  in.  Contains  eight  tubes  of  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid ' 
Brand  products,  '  Vaporole '  Aromatic  Ammonia,  for  use  as  "Smelling 
Salts,"  '  Borofax," '  Hazeline  '  Cream,  sal  volatile,  Carron  oil  gauze, '  Tabloid  ' 
Bandages  and  Dressings,  tourniquet,  jaconet,  plaster,  protective  skin, 
scissors,  pins,  etc.,  etc. 


No.  706.     'Tabloid 


No.  706.     'Tabloid'  Brand  Pocket  First-Aid 


Brand    Pocket    First-Aid 

Measurements  :  3^ 
X  3  X  I  in.  Contains 
bandage,  boric  gauze, 
Carron  oil  gauze, 
'  Vaporole '  Aromatic 
Ammonia,  for  use  as 
"  Smelling  Salts," 
adhesive  plaster, 
court  plaster,  jaconet, 
pins,  and  i  card  of 
contents,  etc.  In 
aluminium,  complete. 


139 


No.  707.    'Tabloid'    Brand    First-Aid 


red,  royal   blue  or 
green     enamelled 


In  rex 
Brewster 
metal,  or  in  aluminised  metal. 
Measurements  :  61 X  3}  X  2  in. 
Contains  seven  tubes  of 
'  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid  ' 
Brand  products,  '  Vaporole  ' 
Aromatic  Ammonia, 
for  use  as  "Smelling  Salts," 
'  Borofax.'  Carron  oil 
gauze  and  jaconet.  Castor 
oil,  '  Tabloid  '  Bandages  and 
Dressings,  plaster,  protective 
skin,  scissors,  pins,  etc.,  etc. 


No.  707.    'Tabloid'  Brand  First-Aid 


No.    708. 


Tabloid'    Brand    First-Aid 


No.  708.     'Tai'.loiu'  Brand  First-Aid 


In  rex  red,  royal  blue 
or  Brewster  green  enam- 
elled metal,  or  in  alumin- 
ised metal.  Measure- 
ments :  65  X  3j  X  2  in. 
Contains  'Tabloid' 
Bandages  and  Dressings, 
'  Vaporole  '  Aromatic 
Ammonia,  for  use  as 
"  Smelling  Salts,'"  '  Boro- 
fax,'  Carron  Oil  Gauze, 
jaconet,  plaster,  protec- 
ti\e  skin,  camel  -  hair 
brush,  pins,  etc.,  and 
two  tubes  of  '  Tabloid ' 
and      '  Soloid  Brand 

Products. 


No.    709.    'Tabloid'    Brand    First-Aid 


In  rex  red  or  royal  blue  enamelled  metal.  Measurements  :  6A  x  37  X  2  in. 
Contains  'Tabloid'  Bandages  and  Dressings,  'Vaporole'  Aromatic 
Ammonia,  for  use  as  "Smelling  Salts,"  Borofax,  Carron  Oil  (lauze, 
jaconet,  plaster,  protective  skin,  camel-hair  brush,  pins,  etc. 


140 


TABLOID        BRAND 


No.  712.    'Tabloid'    Brand    First-Aid 


In  rex  red,  royal  blue  or 
Brewster  green  enamelled 
metal,  or  in  aluminised  metal. 
Measurements  :  6i  X  4^  X  2  in. 
Contains  seven  tubes  of 
'  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid ' 
Brand  products,  '  Vaporole  ' 
Aromatic  .\mmonia. 
for  use  as  "  Smelling  Salts,' 
'Borofax,'  Carron  oil 
gauze  and  jaconet,  Castor 
oil,  '  Tabloid  '  Bandages  and 
Dressings,  plaster,  protective 
skin,  scissors   pins,  etc.,  etc. 


No. 


Tabloid'  Brand  Fikst-Aid 


No.  715, 


Tabloid'    Brand    First-Aid 


In   rex    red,   royal  blue   or  Brewster  green   enamelled  metal,  or  in  alu- 
minised or  black  japanned  metal. 

Measurements :  yh 
X  43  X  2  in.  Con- 
tains eight  tubes  of 
'Tabloid'  and 
'  Soloid  '  Brand  pro- 
ducts, 'Vaporole' 
Aromatic  Ammonia, 
for  u.se  as  "Smelling 
Salts,"  '  Borofax,'  sal 
volatile,  Carron  oil, 
'  Tabloid '  Bandages 
nd  Dressings, 
jaconet,  plaster,  pro- 
tective skin,  scLssors, 
pins.  etc. 


No.  71 


Tabloid'  Brand  First-Aid 
(See  also  page  144^ 


Some   Characteristic 
Tabloid'   and  'Soloid'   cases 


For  Hypodermic,  Dispensing,  Analytical, 
First-Aid  and   Photographic  use 


On  this  and  the  three  following  pages  are  presented  facsimile 
reproductions  in  natural    colours  of  some 
characteristic  '  Tabloid  '  and  '  Soloid  ' 
Equipments  selected  from  those 
described  on  pages  i  ig 
to  140  of  this  book, 
to    which    reference 
should    be    made 
for    full    details    of 
contents,  etc. 


No.  20. 
'  Tabloid ' 
Aseptic 

Hypodermic  Pocket 
Case  (closed). 


Measurements : 


4t 


Sec  also  />'.  //'.  <V  Co.'s  Price  List 


No.  20    'Tabloid' brand 
Aseptic    Hypodermic 
Pocket-Case 


The  ideal 

Pocket 

Hypodermic 

Equipment 

for  the 

Physician 


No.  20.     'Tabloid'  Aseptic  Hypodermic 
Pocket-Case  (open). 


142 


SOME     CHARACTERISTIC     "  TABl.OIU 


No.    221    'Tabloid'    brand    Medicine    Case 

Ideal  for  the  Physician's  Motor  or  Carriage 


Measurements : 
14  X  5!   X  9J  in. 


Also  supplied  in 
Cowhide.  Pigskin,  or  r-._ 

Crocodile  Leather  ^^ 


"^y^. 


No.  221.     'Tabloid'  Medicine  Case  (Morocco  Leather) 
For  full  details,  see  page  130 


133    'Tabloio"   brand   .Wedicine   Pocket-Case 


.\  unique  case 
for  the  pocket,  the 
outside  being  per- 
fectly flush.  Metal 
iy,  covered  Cow- 
hide  or  Black 
Morocco  Leather. 


^o-  ^^-     'Tabloid'  Metlicine  Pocket-Case  (Cowhide) 
Measurements:  6|  x  4J  x  \\  in. 


For  full  details,  see  page  12b 


AND      'SOLOIO        CASES 


No.    505   'Soloid'    brand    Bacteriological   Case 


Easily  rendered 
aseptic 


No.  505  'Soloid'  Bacteriological  Case  (Nickel-plated  Metal) 
Measurements:  5  x  3^  x  i|  in. 

Fo7-  full  details,  see  page  13b 


No.    510    'Soloid'    brand    Urine    Test    Case 


No.   510   'Soloid'   Urine 

Test  Case 

(Nickel. plated   Metal) 


Measurements : 
5I  X  22   X  li  in. 


Complete  with 
Doeskin  Cover 


l''oy  full  details,  see  />age  ijty 


SOME      CHARACTERISTIC         TABLOID        CASES 


No.   715   'Tabloid'   First-Aid 

A  compact  outfit  of  Bandages,  First-Aid  accessories,  etc. 


In  Rex  Red,  Royal   Blue 
rewster Green  Enamelled 
Metal,    or   in   Aluminised  or 
Black  Japanned  Metal. 


No.  715.     'Tabloid'  First-Aid  (Royal  Blue  Enamelled  Metal) 
Measurements :  7i  x  4J  x  2  in. 

foi- full  details  of  ''Tabloid'  First-Aid  Egnipttients,  see  /•ages  13S-140 


No.    905    'Tabloid'    brand    Photographic   Outfit 


An  ideal  outfit  of  chemicals  for 
developing,  fixing,  toning,  inten- 
sifying and  reducing  negatives 
and  prints. 

In  Rex  Red,  Royal  Blue,  Im- 
perial Green  or  Bright  Scarlet 
Enamelled  Metal,  or  in  Black 
Japanned  Metal. 

When  ordering,  please 
specify  colours  required. 


No.  905.     'Tabloid'  Photographic  Outfit  (Bright 

Scariet  Enamelled  Metal) 

Measurements :  4  X  4  X  2I  in. 

For  full  details,  see  page  /71 


THE    SMALLEST    MEDICINE    CHEST    IN    THE    WORLD 

This  tiny  gold  medicine  chest  is  fitted  with  twelve  square 
medicine  chest  bottles  containing  300  doses  of  '  Tabloid  '  Brand 
Medicaments,    equivalent   to    15    pints  of  fluid   medicine, 


Dangerous    Abbreviation 

The  words  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  should 
always  be  written  in  full  to  ensure  the  supply 
of  genuine  B.  W.  &  Co.  products. 

When  ordering  a  certain  product  an  abbreviation 
may  bring  you  what  you  do  not  want,  and  serious 

disappointment. 

To  write  any  contraction  of  '  Tabloid '  or 
'  Soloid,'  when  these  brands  are  intended,  intro- 
duces an  element  of  doubt.     Why  take  the  risk  ? 

Behind  the  brands  '  Tabloid '  and  '  Soloid '  are 
years  of  research,  experience  and  endeavour — the 
whole  foundation  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.'s 
reputation. 

When  'Tabloid' or  'Soloid' is 

written,  in  whatever  part  of  the  world  the  prescrip- 
tion is  dispensed,  the  patient  will  receive  the  same 
genuine  products  of  uniform  strength  and  unvarying 
activity  compounded  with  exceptional  accuracy  from 
ingredients  of  the  highest  standard  of  purity. 

It  is  best  and  safest,  therefore,  to  write  the  full 
word,  e.g. — 


<=^'    Qj€l//oi^ 


FORMULARY 

OF 

FINE    PRODUCTS 

ISSUED    BY 

Burroughs   Wellcome   &  Co. 


mmMmmmmmmm^mmrnm^msmimm^mmmmm 


The  Products  of  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  are  guaranteed  by  them 
under  the  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  June  30,  1906.— Serial  No.  3394. 


'  Alaxa  '  Aromatic  Liqueur  of  Cascara  Sagrada  dose 

{Trade  Mark) 

An  aromatic  liqueur  which  presents  the  tonic,  One-half  to 
laxative  properties  of  cascara  sagrada  in  a  two  teaspoon- 
pleasant  and  acceptable  condition.  fuls. 

Alkaloids,  '  Wellcome  '  Brand  (see  pages  224-233^ 

Ammonium    Chloride    Inhaler,    'Vaporole'     Brand 

(seepage  222^ 

Analysis  Cases,  '  Soloid  '  Brand  (see  page  135^ 

Analysis  Charts,  packets  of  25. 

Anaesthetics,  Local  (see  '  Tabloid '  Hypodermic  Anaesthetic 
Compounds, /iz^-<?  157^ 

Antidote  Case,  'Tabloid'  Brand  (seepage  135^ 

'  Aol,'    a    derivative    of    Saiitaluin     albutn     (see     '  Tabloid ' 
{Trade  Mark)     Brand  products,  page  185^ 

Arylarsonates  (see  'Orsudan'  and  'Soamin,'/(2^rj-2o6,  213^ 

Bacteriological  Case,  'Soloid'  Brand  (see  page  136^ 

Bandages,   Pleated    Compressed,    'Tabloid'    Brand 

(see  pages  149,  150^ 


Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
148  T!UOE    MARKS  FORMULARY      OF       FIXE      PRODUCTS 


'  Bivo '  Beef  and  Iron  Wine 

(Trade  Mark) 

Restorative  and  stimulant.     Possesses  exceptional  properties 
which  distinguish  it  from  ordinary  beef-wines. 

'  Borofax '  Brand  Boric  Acid  Ointment 

(Trade  Mark) 

An  emollient,  possessing  antiseptic  and  sedative  properties. 

'  Brockedon '  Products 

Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  are  the  successors  to,  and  sole 
proprietors  of,  the  business  of  BROCKEDON,  who,  in 
1842,  ORIGINATED  COMPRESSED  MEDICINES  in 
the  shape  of  bi-convex  discs — issued  under  the  designation 
of  Compressed  Pills. 
'  Brockedon '  Brand  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  in  boxes  of  three  sizes 
„  ,,  ,.  „  Potash        ,,  ,, 

.,  ,,      Chlorate         ,,       ,,  ,,  ,, 

Chemicals,  'Wellcome'  Brand  (see  pages  22  yzT^^,) 

CHESTS    AND    CASES    (B.   W.   &   Co.) 

A  comprehensive  selection  of  chests  and  cases  is  prepared 
and  issued  under  the  '  Tabloid  "' and  'Soloid'  Brands,  fitted 
with  medicines  for  even,'  variety  of  climate,  and  var\-ing  in 
size  and  contents,  from  the  fully-equipped  chests  containing 
supplies  sufficient  for  medical  officers  to  expeditions,  etc., 
down  to  the  compact  pocket-cases  suited  to  the  needs  of  the 
private  practitioner. 

Analysis  Cases,  '  Soloid  '  Brand  (see  page  i^sJ 
Antidote  Case,  '  Tabloid '  Brand  (see  page  135^ 

Antiseptic  Cases,  '  Soloid '  Brand 

Fitted  with  from  four  to  eighteen  containers  of  '  Soloid  ' 
Brand  antiseptics.  ^ 

Bacteriological  Case,  'Soloid'  Brand  (seepage  1^6) 

First=Aid,  'Tabloid'  Brand  (see pages  \t,^-\^o) 

Hypodermic    Pocket=Cases,   '  Tabloid '   Brand   (see 

fages  119-122  J 

Medicine  Chests  and   Cases,  '  Tabloid '  Brand  (see 

ragcs  124-134; 
Urine  Test  Case,  *  Soloid  '  Brand  (see  page  137; 

Phannacopceial preparations  arc  U.S. P.  unless  othet^doise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUEIJ      BV      B.       W.       AND      CO.  TRADE     MARKS  149 


Compound    Menthol     Snuff     (B.    W.    &    Co.)      (see 

page  163^ 

Dental    Hypodermic  Syringe,  The   B.   W.  &  Co. 

( see  page  156^ 


DRESSINGS,     PLEATED     COMPRESSED 
T^\    'TABLOID'   BRAND 

Pleated    Compressed    Dt-essings    were    originated    and     introduced    by 
Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

The  word  'TABLOID'isa  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroug-hs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the  supply  of 
pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should  always  be 
specified  when  ordering. 

The  introduction  of  '  Tabloid  '  Pleated  Compressed  Bandages 
and  Dressings  marks  an  important  advance  in  the  preparation 
of  surgical  accessories.     These  bandages  and  dress- 
ings are  made  of  materials  of  the  best  quality,  and   aTvance 
are   subjected    to  great    pressure   under  which    each 
assumes   a    rectangular    shape.        After    compression,    each    is 
enclosed  automatically  in  an  impervious  covering  of  parchment 
paper. 

The  superiority  of  '  Tabloid '  Dressings  over  the  ordinary 
variety  is  very  marked,  not  only  in  convenience  and  com- 
pactness, but  also  in  quality  of  materials.  Their  more 
important  advantages  may  be  thus  summarised  : — 

I.     Only  materials  of  exceptional  quality  are  used  in  their 

manufacture,  and  their  general  excellence  commends  them  to 

critical  users. 


(irapLiic     repre.scULauou     (one-half     actual     size),     showing 

the  relative  bulk  of  an  ordinary  and   a   '  Tabloid  '  Banda/^e. 

Each  6  yards  X  2^  in. 

Pharmaceutical  pi-eparations  are  U.  S.  P.  ttnless  otherwise  stated 


■^^^^^ 

sp^ 

'""  "■ " " "  ■" 

1 

k^ 

REMEMBER     THE 
150  TRADE     MARKS  FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


Dressings,  Pleated  Compressed,  '  Tabloid  '  Brand— coMt/nued 

2.  They  occupy  the  smallest  possible  space  and  \et  can  he 
unfolded  as  easily  as  those  previously  in  use. 

3.  They  are  kept  free  from  all  risk  of  contamination. 

4.  The    antiseptic    dressings    are    evenly    charged    with 
medicament. 

5.  By  reason  of  their  extreme  compactness  they  are  by  far 
the  best  for  the  hand-bag,  cycle-  or  saddle-case. 

The  illustration  on  previous  page  graphically  demonstrates 
the  saving  in  space  which  is  effected  when  Pleated  Bandages 
and  Dressings  are  carried.  The  relative  sizes  of  an  ordinary 
and  a  Pleated  Bandage  are  striking.  The  flat  sides  of 
Pleated  Bandages  enable  them  to  be  packed  in  a  fraction  of 
the  space  required  by  those  previously  in  use. 

These  dressings  are  also  issued  sterilised  in  special 
impervious  coverings.  The  requirements  of  modern  surgical 
treatment,  so  imperfectly  fulfilled  by  many  of  the  ordinary 
cheap  dressings,  are  ideally  met  by  these  sterilised  pleated 
products. 

The  following  are  issued  : — 

Absorbent   Wool    between    Gauze,    Pleated    Com= 
pressed,  '  Tabloid  '  Brand — 

In  2  ounce  packets,  in  packages  of  I  dozen. 

Bandages,  Pleated  Compressed,  'Tabloid'  Brand- 
Open  Wove,  I    in.   x  6  yards,  in  packages  of  i  dozen 

,,         ,,        2 J  in.    X  6  yards   ,,         ,,  ,,         ,, 

Flannel,  2\  in.   x   5  yards    ,,  ,,  ,,  ., 

Triangular  (Esmarch's  Pictorial),,         ,,  ,,  2  bandages 

These  triangular  bandages  are  of  great  service  in  first-aid 
or  other  emergency  work. 

Carbolised    Tow,   Pleated    Compressed,    '  Tabloid  ' 
Brand- 
In  2  ounce  packets,  in  packages  of  I  dozen. 

Cotton     Wool,     Pleated     Compressed,      '  Tabloid ' 
Brand- 
Absorbent,  \  ounce,  in  packets  of  4,  in  packages 
of  I  dozen  {not  supplied  sterilised) 
,,  I  and  2  ounce  packets 

Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY      B        W.       AND      CO.  TRADE     MARKS  151 


Dressings,  Pleated  Compressed,  'Tabloid'  Brand— cou^/uuec/ 

Cotton     Wool,      Pleated     Compressed,     '  Tabloid 

B  ran  d — couti)i  ucd 

Boric,  I  and  2  ounce  packets 

Double  Cyanide,  3%,  i  and  2       ,,  ,, 

Iodoform,  i  and  2       ,,  ,, 

Gauze,  Pleated  Compressed,  '  Tabloid '  Brand- 
Absorbent,  in  packets  of  3  yards 


Boric,  ,,  ,,       3 


Double  Cyanide,  3%, 
Iodoform, 


Sal  Alembroth,  i%, 


I  yard 
3  yards 
6  yds.  X 
3  yards 


Lint,  Pleated  Compressed,  'Tabloid'  Brand- 
Plain,  I  and  2  ounce  packets 
Boric,  I  and  2      ,,  ,, 
Carbolised,    i                  ,,  ,, 

Effervescent  Medicinal  Substances,  *  Tabloid  * 
Brand- 
In  the  preparation  of  '  Tabloid '  Effervescent  products  only 
ingredients  of  exceptional  purity  are  employed,  and  .special 
methods  are  adopted  to  retain  their  effervescent  properties. 
On  account  of  their  relatively  small  surface  the  '  Tabloid ' 
products  are  much  less  liable  to  deterioration  than  the  ordinary 
granular  preparations.  Mixed  with  water  they  promptly  render 
draughts  of  a  refreshingly  effervescent  nature  and  accurate 
posology.  {See  '  Tabloid '  Brand  Effervescent  Products, 
page  194.) 


IT  'ELIXOID'    BRAND    PRODUCTS 

The  word  'ElixoiD'  is  a  brand  which  desigrnates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

*  Elixoid  '  Brand  Products  are  elegant  and  acceptable  fluid 
preparations    of    important   medicaments    to   which    agreeable 

Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


THE 
152  TRADE    MARKS  FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


'  Elixoid  '  Brand  Products— continued 

flavours  have  been  imparted  \\ithout   in  any  degree  diminish- 
ing their  physiological  activity. 

*  ELIXOID'      BRAND— 

„  Ammonium  Valerate,  in  bottles  of  8  Imperial  fl.  oz. — 
Each  fluid  drachm  contains  Ammonium  Valerate,  gr.  2. 

„  Formates  Compound,  in  bottles  of  4  Imperial  fl.  oz. — 
Each    fluid   ounce   contains    Calcium    Formate,    gr.     12  ; 
Sodium  Formate,  gr.  6  ;  Magnesium  Formate,  gr.  6. 

„  Glycerophosphates,  in  bottles  of  4  Imperial  fl.  oz. — 
Each    fluid    ounce    contains    Calcium    Glycerophosphate, 
gr.    4 ;    Sodium    Glycerophosphate,    gr.    2  ;    Potassium 
Glycerophosphate,  gr.  2  ;  and  Magnesium  Glycerophos- 
phate, gr.  I. 

„  Mucin,  in  bottles  of  4  Imperial  fl.  oz. — 

Each  fluid  drachm  contains  Mucin,  in  suspension,  gr.  2J. 

„  Pine  Tar  Compound,  in  bottles  of  4  Imperial  fl.  oz. — 
A  pleasantly-flavoured  preparation  containing  Tar,  '  Pinol,' 
Terpin  Hydrate,  Wild  Black  Cherr}-,  Tolu  and  Ipecac 
in  a  convenient  and  acceptable  form. 

Also  various  other  products  issued  under  the  '^  Elixoid"'  Brand 

^riSJ'ENULE'    BRAND    RECTAL 
SUPPOSITORIES 

The  word  'EnulE"  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

The  '  Enule  '  rectal  suppository 
possesses  conspicuous  advan- 
tages over  those  of  the  ordinary 
conical  shape,  which  are  difiicult 

•  Enule '  Brand  Rectal  Suppositor;.-     to     introduce,     and     may    evcH 

after  retnovai  of  sheath.  ,  n     j         i  t-'       •     • 

_. .    -  ^        ^  .  be    expelled.       Enule      supposi- 

This  snape  on§maced  oy  ^  ^>^ 

BuiTougbs  Wellcome  a:  Co  tories  are  encascd  in  sheaths   of 

pure    tinfoil,    easily    stripped    off 

Pharmacopaial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED       BY 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


153 


'  Enule '  Brand  Rectal  Suppositories 

at  the  moment  of  using.  They 
contain  accurate  doses  of  pure 
drugs,  the  active  principles  of 
which  are  evenly  diffused 
throughout  the  mass,  and  they 
retain  the  full  activity  of  the 
medicament  for  long  periods 
of  time. 

PROF.  CASPARI,   in  his   Treatise  on  Phartnacy,  says  :— 

"  The  usual  shape  of  rectal  suppositories  is  that  of  a  cone  with  a  rounded 
apex,  but  the  difficulty  of  readily  introducing  them  into  the  rectum  has  led 
to  the  designing  of  a  w&^  shape  by  H.  S.  Wellcome,  of  London, 
the  great    advantages   of  which   become    apparent   when  it   is 
remembered  that  the  bulbous  end  is  inserted  into  the  rectum,        ooinfon 
and,   that  as  soon  as  the  greatest  diameter  has  been  passed, 
expulsion   of  the  suppository  is  impossible,   by   reason   of  the 
very  contractile  force  of  the  sphincter  muscle,  which  renders  retention  of 
the  ordinary  conical  shape  often  so  difficult." 

Each  kind  is  packed  in  boxes  of  one  dozen  (of  one  strength) 


Enule  '  Brand  Rectal  Sutipositorj- 

showing  sbeath  of  pure  tinfoil. 

This  shape  originated  bv 

Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 


ENULE'  brand- 

DIRECTION 

No. 
,   26.   Belladonna  Extract 

gr.    1/4 

As  required 

,   27. 

gr.    1/2 

As  required 

,     9.    Bismuth  Subgallate 

gr.    10 

As  required 

,   14.   Cocaine  Hydrochloride 

gr.    1/2 

As  required 

,,  25.   Gall  and  Opium  ... 
:^     Acidi  Tannici 

Ext.  Opii      

,,      I.   Glycerin 

(Anhydrous),  95  °/o 

...    gr.  3 
...     gr.  1/4 

Children's  size 

As  required 
As  required 

,,     2.  Glycerin 

(Anhydrous),  95% 

Adults'  size 

As  required 

,,     5.    '  Hazeline  '  Compound 

As  required 

Containing  'Hazeline,'  Extract  of 
Hamamelis  and  Zinc  Oxide.  {See 
also  '  Hazeline  '  Suppositories) 

28,   Lead  and  Opium  ...  ...  ...     As  required 

5;     Plumbi  Acetatis      ...         ...     gr.  3 

Pulv.  Opii    ...         ...         ...     gr.   I 

X.   Meat,  Predigested  Children's  size  'I    .  .     , 

-'  ^  \  J   li.  >    •  >  As  required 

4.        ,,  ,,  Adults  size       j  ^ 

Containing  gr.  Z\  and  gr.  15,  respectively,  of 
concentrated  peptone  from  choice  fresh  beef. 


Phar n I acopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  tiniess  otherwise  stated 


REklEMBER     THE 
154  TRADE      MARKS 


F(1KMULAKY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


Enule'  Brand  Rectal  Suppositories- 

B  R  A  N  D — continued 


-continued 


ENULE 

No. 


DIRECTION 


1 6. 

17- 
l8. 
20. 

13- 


Milk,  I'rediijested  Children  s  size  ^     .  .     , 

'^  \  J   u  J    •  /-As  required 

,,  ,,  Adults  size       J  ^ 

Containing  gr.  lo  and  gr.  i8,  respectively,  of 
concentrated  peptone  from  new  milk. 

Morpliine  and  Belladonna        ...  ...      As  required 

JJ     Morphinae  Hydrochloridi 


Ext.  Belladonnae 
Morphine  Hydrochloride 


gr-  1 
gr-  1 

1/4 

1/2 

I 
I 

1/2 


Opium  Extract 

Quassin,   Amorphous 
The  bitter  principle  of  quassia  wood 
used    in    the    treatment    of   thread 
worms,  especially  in  children. 


8.   Quinine  Bisulphate     ...       gr-   5 
21.    Santonin  ...  ...        gr-    3 

23.   Soap  Compound 

^    Saponis  Animalis       gr.  7 

Sodii  Sulphatis  Exsiccati    ...     gr.  7 

Also  other  preparations  issued  under  the  ^  Enule^  Brand 


As  required 
As  required 
As  required 
As  required 
One  on  each 
of     at     least 
twelve 
successive 
nights 
As  required 
As  required 
As  required 


'  Enule  '  Brand  Rectal  Suppositories  must  be  stored  in  a  cool  and 
dry  place. 

'^'^  'ERNUTIN'     BRAND     PRODUCTS 

'  Ernutin  '  products  are  the  result  of  exten.sive  researches  in 
the  Wellcome  Physiological  Research  Laboratories  (Eng. ) 
They  present  the  alkaloid  Ergotoxine  and  the  organic  base 
Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine,  the  active  therapeutic  principles 
of  Ergot,  in  a  state  of  purity  which  up  to  the  present  has 
never  been  approached.  Uniformity  is  secured  by  phy.siological 
standardisation. 
'  Ernutin  '  (Oral)     In  i  oz.,  4  oz.  and  16  oz.  dose 

amber-coloured  stoppered  bottles.  30to6ominims 

*  Ernutin '     (for     Hypodermic    use)      {see     '  Vaporole " 

'  Ernutin,' /a^^^  221) 
For  full  particulars  of  the  pharmacology  and  therapeutics  of  'Ernutin  ' 
products,  see  special  boolilet 

Ether,  in  hermetically-sealed  glass  capsules,  each  containing 
min.  60  (3  "6  c.c. ) 


Phannacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  tinless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY      B.       W.       AND      CO.  "*°^     '^'"''^  ]55 


*  Eucalyptia,'  pure  oil  v){  Eucalyptus  i^lobu  I  us— 
{T7-ade  Mark)        Respiratory  disinfectant  and  deodorant. 
Bottles  containing  2  Imperial  fl.  oz. 

First=Aid,  'Tabloid'  Brand  ( see  pages  138-140^ 

Gauze,   Pleated  Compressed,   'Tabloid'   Brand 

(see page  l^l ) 

Glycerin  'Enule'  Suppositories  ( see  page  153^ 
;:,%'  *HAZELINE'     BRAND     PREPARATIONS 

DOSE 

'Hazeline'     Brand     An  anodyne  and    styptic     dr.  i  to 
Haniatnelis  virgini-         fluid    obtained    by  dis-  dr.  3 

ana,    in    4  and    16         tillation  from  the  fresh 
Imperial    fl.     oz.         young  twigs. 
bottles. 
'Hazeline'  Cream,  in     Combines        anodyne  — 

collapsible  tubes  and         astringent    and    emol- 
glass  pots.  lient  properties. 

'Hazeline'    Soap,     in     Contains  pure' Hazeline.'  — 

boxes  of  3  tablets. 
"'Hazeline'    Snow,"     A  non-greasy  preparation,  — 

(Trade  Mark)  owing     its    astringent, 

in  glass  pots.  soothing    and    healing 

properties  to  the   pre- 
sence of  a  high  propor- 
tion of  '  Hazeline.' 
'Hazeline'      Supposi-     Contain  pure  'Hazeline'     One  as 
tories,  in  boxes  of  12.  required 

{See  also  '  Enule  '  '  Hazeline  '  Compound,  page  153) 
Also  other  preparations  issued  under  the  '  Hazeline  '  Brand 

HYPODERMIC    APPARATUS 

Syringes 
AlUGIass  Aseptic  Hypodermic  Syringe, 

The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

Barrel,  piston  and  nozzle  consist  entirely  of  glass.  The  solid 
piston  obviates  any  necessity  for  packing.  May  be  instantly 
taken  apart  to  be  rendered  aseptic.  Five  sizes,  min.  15, 
min.  20,  min.  40,  min.  60,  and  I  c.c,  with  two  steel 
needles.  A  detachable  finger-grip  (nickel-plated)  entirely 
distinct  from  the  working  parts  of  the  syringe,  can  be 
supplied.  A  '  Tabloid '  Detachable  Sheath-Grip  is  also 
issued  for  use  with  this  syringe. 

(If  desired,  platino-iridium  needles  can  Ije  fitted) 

Phannacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
156  TRADE     MARKS  FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


Hypodermic  Apparatus— continued 

S  Y  R I N  G  ES — iO}lti)ll(ed 

All-Glass  Aseptic  Hypodermic  Syringe  (H  Pattern), 
The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

Constructed  specially  for  intramuscular  injection.  Min.  20 
and  min.  40,  each  supplied  with  two  intramuscular  steel 
needles. 

Dental  Hypodermic  Syringe,  The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

Made  of  solid  metal  throughout  ;  therefore  durable  and  easily 
rendered  aseptic.  Min.  30,  with  adjustable  finger-grip, 
three  needle  attachments,  and  three  steel  needles  ;  com- 
plete in  nickel-plated  metal  case. 

Hypodermic  Syringe,  The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

Solid  Silver.  Nozzle  detachable,  so  that  the  solution  of  a 
'  Tabloid '  Hypodermic  product  may  be  effected  in  the 
barrel.  With  two  platino-iridium  needles,  in  case. 
Capacity,  min.  20. 

Hypodermic  Syringe,  The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

Nickel-plated.  With  two  regular  steel  needles  and  finger- 
grip.     Capacity,  min.  15  or  min.  20. 

(If  desired,  platino-iridium  needles  can  be  fitted) 

Mercury  Succinimide  Outfit,  The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

Remarkable  results  have  been  recently  reported  as  following 
the  use  of  '  Tabloid '  Hypodermic  Mercuric  Succinimide 
in  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis. 

These  reports  cover  :  Improvement  in  general  condition, 
reduction  of  temperature,  gain  in  weight,  cure  of  advanced 
laryngeal  and  pharyngeal  ulceration,  improvement  in 
advanced  pulmonary  lesion,  and  decided  improvement  in 
tubercular  glands. 

(For  full  particulars  of  the  B.  W.  &  Co.  outfit  for  this 
treatment,  see  special  circulars. ) 

Serum  Syringe,  The  B.  W.  &  Co.  AIUQlass  Aseptic 

The  working  parts  are  composed  entirely  of  glass,  the  needle 
being  attached  to  the  nozzle  by  a  flexible  rubber  joint  which 
guards  against  fracture.      In  five  sizes,  2  c.c,  3  c.c,  5  c.c, 
10  c.c.  and  25  c.c,  with  two  steel  needles,  in  metal  case. 
(If  desired,  platino-iridium  needles  can  be  fitted) 

Serum  Syringe,  The  B.  W.  &  Co.  NickeUplated 

In  nickel- plated  metal  case,  complete,  with  two  special 
platino-iridium  needles,  capacity  5  c.c.  or  10  c.c. 

Needles  for  B.  W.  &  Co.  Syringes 

( Full  list,  etc. ,  sent  on  leqiiest ) 
Phariiiacopceial  preparations  are  U.  S.  /'.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY      B.       W.       AND      CO.  TRADE     MARKS  157 


HYPODERMIC     PRODUCTS 

T.^l  'TABLOID'  BRAND 

The  word  'Tabloid'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

"They  are  quite  free  from  objectionable  and  irritative  salts." 
— British  Medical  Journal. 

"They  are  very  soluble  and  not  at  all  irritating."' — Lancet. 

'  Tabloid '  Hypodermic  products  accurately  contain  the  stated 
weight  of  pure  medicament.  They  are  rapidly  soluble,  of 
uniform  activity,  and  they  keep  perfectly. 

PREPARATION  STRENGTH  DOSE 

♦TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Hypodermic) — 

No. 
,,     36.     Aconitine  Nitrate  ...  gr.    1/640     gr.  1/640 

,,     71.  *  Anesthetic  Compound,  A  As  required 

5:  Cocainae  Hydrochloridi...  gr.  i/io 
Morphinse  Hydrochloridi  gr.  1/50 
Sodii  Chloridi      gr.  9/10 

,,     70.   *Ancesthetic  Compound,  B  As  required 

5!     Cocainae  Hydrochloridi...     gr.  1/5 
Morphinas  Hydrochloridi     gr.  1/50 
Sodii  Chloridi      ...         ...     gr.  g/io 

,,     80.   *  Anaesthetic  Compound,  C  As  required 

^     Eucainas  Lactatis  ...     gr.  7/16 

Sodii  Chloridi      ...         ...     gr.  3-15/16 

,,     87.      Apomorphine  Hydrochloride  "^ 

gr.  1/20    I  gr.      1/20     to 

,.     51-  ,,  ,,  gr-  1/15    r    gr-  i/io 

,,      19-  ,,  „  gr.  i/io  j 

TApomorphine  Hydrochloride  "^ 

*  '  gr-  i/io     I  p, 

•'     ^^'     ^1  Strychnine  Hydrochloride  f  ^"*^ 

I  gr.  1/60   j 

,,      15.     Atropine  Sulphate  ...  gr.  1/150I  gr.     1/200    to 

M      14-  j>  >>  •■■  gr.  i/ioo  -    gr.  i/ioo(in- 

,,      13.  >>  j>  ■••  gr.  1/60  j     creased) 

121     /Atropine  Sulphate       ...  gr.  1/200)  q 

"  ■    (Strychnine  Sulphate   ...  gr.  1/100/ 

J22     /Atropine  Sulphate       ...  gr.  1/150) 
"  ■    \, Strychnine  Sulphate  ...  gr.  1/80   / 

,,     43.   *Caffeine  Sodio-salicylate     gr.  1/2         gr.  i/2togr.  4 


One 


*  In  tubes  of  12  (all  others  contain  20 J 
Pharmacopa'ial  preparations  are  U. S. P.  tmless  otherwise  stated 

G* 


75S 


THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      HROUUCTS 


Hypodermic  Products,    *  Tabloid  '  Brand—condnm-i^ 


PREPARATION 
^TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Hypodermic) 

No. 


STRENGTH 


DOSE 


23- 

Cocaine  Hydrochloride.. 

gr.  l/io   ] 

22. 

,, 

gr.  1/6       I 

gr.      I /id     to 

54. 

* 

gr.  1/4      1 
gr.  1/2      J 

^gr-  1/2 

40. 

* 

Cocaine  Compounds  (see 

Anaesthetic 

Compounds  A 

and  B,  />ao-e  157^ 

44. 

Codeine  Phosphate 

gr.  1/4 

gr.  1/4  to  gr.  2 

77- 

*Cotarnine  Hydrochloride 

gr.  1/4 

gr.  1/4  to 
gr.  1/2 

46. 

Curara 

gr.  1/12 

gr.  1/12  to 
gr.  1/2 

30- 

Digitalin  (Amorphous)  ... 

gr.  i/ioo 

gr.  1/500  to 
gr.      1/30 

86. 

38. 
37- 

92. 

81. 

116. 

119. 


79 

78 

112 

113 

102 

lOI 

47 


f  Digitalin  (Amorphous) 
\^  Strychnine  Sulphate 
Ergotinine  Citrate 

^  fErgotinine  Citrate 
\^  Morphine  Sulphate     .. 

.^ /'Ergotinine  Citrate 
\^  Strychnine  Sulphate   .. 

*Er<rotoxine 


gr.    i/ioo'i  ^. 
gr.   i/iooj  ^"^ 
gr.    1/200^  gr.     1/200 
gr.    1/100/    gr.  1/50 
gr.    i/iool  ^ 
gr.i/6     /^"^ 


gr.   i/ioo^ 
gr.  1/20   J 

gr.  i/ioo 


One 


^  /  Ergotoxine     ... 
(Morphine  Sulphate 

„  f Ergotoxine     ...  ■••  gr. 

\^ Strychnine  Sulphate   ...  gr. 

Eserine  (see  Physostigmiiie ) 
*Eucaine  Hydrochloride      gr.  1/3 


gr.     I/IOO 
gr.  1/50 

S""-  ^/r°l  One 


1/6     j 

i/ioo^ 
1/20  j 


Or 


'Eucaine  Lactate... 
Heroin  Hydrochloride 


I  gr.  1/3  to  gr.  2 

gr-  1/3  to  gr.  2 
to 


gr.  I 

gr.  1/3 

gr.  I  j 

gr.  I  25    1  gr.      1/25 

...  gr.  1/12    j     gr.  1/12 
Homatropine  Hydrochloride  gr.     1/250    to 

gr.  1/250     ^gr.  1/20 
Hydrargyri      Chloridi      Corrosivi      (see      Mercuric 
Chloride  ) 


*  In  tubes  of  1 2  (all  others  contain  20^ 
rharmacopceial  preparatio7is  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED       BY 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


159 


Hypodermic  Products,    'Tabloid'  Brand— cont/nued 


PREPARATION 
'TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Hypodermic) 


STRENGTH 


DOSE 


No. 
49- 

IOC. 

48. 


96. 


31- 
41. 

29. 
28. 
124. 
98. 
66. 

55- 
90. 

91- 

74- 

27. 
26. 

25- 
24. 

6. 

5- 
4- 
3- 
2. 
I. 
76. 


Hydrargyri  Succinimidi  (see  Mercuric  Snccininiide ) 

Hyoscine  Hydrobromide    gr.   1/200I  gr.     1/200    to 
gr.   i/ioo  '    gr.  i/ioo(in- 


*Hyoscine  Compound,  A 
$     Hyoscinze  Hydrobromidi     .. 

Morphinae  Suiphatis  ... 

Atropinae  Suiphatis    ... 

*Hyo.scine  Compound,  B 
\     Hyoscinae  Hydrobromidi     .. 

Morphinae  Suiphatis 

Atropinae  Suiphatis 

*Hyoscyamine  Sulphate 


'•  1/75    j     creased) 
One 


gr.  I /ICO 
gr.  1/6 
gr.  1/180 


Mercuric  Chloride 


to 


to 


One 

gr.  i/ioo 
..     gr.  1/4 
..     gr.  1,150 

gr.   1/80     \   gr.      1/200     to 
gr.  1/20   /    gr.  I/IOO  (in- 
creased) 
.  gr.  1/60     \  gr.      1/60 
...   gr.   1/30    j     gr.    1/30 
Mercuric  Succinimide  ...  gr.  i/io    ^  gr.      i/io 
.,  ...  gr.  1/5     /         gr.    1/5 

Morphine  Hydrochloride    gr.  1/6 
gr.  1/4 

gr.  1/3 

gr.  1/2 

line  Hydrochloride 

gr.  1/6 

...  gr.  1/70 

...  gr.  1/8 

...  gr.  1/6 

...  gr.  1/4 

•■•  gr-  1/3 

...  gr.  1/12 

...  gr.  1/8 

...   gr.  1/6 

...  gr.  1/4 


TMorpl 

(Atropine  Sulphate 
Morphine  Meconate 


Morphine  Sulphate 


gr.  1/8  to 
gr.  1/4  (in- 
creased) 


One 


gr.  1/8  to 
gr.  1/4  (in- 
creased ) 


( Morphine  Sulphate 
\^  Atropine  Sulphate 
/  Morphine  .Sulphate 
\^ Atropine  Sulphate 


gr-  1/3 

gr-  1/2 

gr.  I 

gr.  1/12   ^ 

gr.  1/250 

gr.  1/8 

gr.  1/200. 


gr.  1/8  to 
gr.  1/4  (in- 
creased) 


One  of 
required 
strength 


*  In  tubes  of  12  (all  others  contain  2.0) 
Phari/icuopivial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherzvise  stated 


160 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY   OF   FINE   PRODUCTS 


Hypodermic  Products,    'Tabloid' 

PREPARATION 

'  TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Hypodermic)— 


Brand — continued 
STRENGTH 


..       lO. 

f  Morphine  Sulphate     ... 

gr- 

1/6      . 

\  Atropine  Sulphate 

gr- 

i/iSo 

.,       9- 

r Morphine  Sulphate     ... 

gr- 

1/4 

1^  Atropine  Sulphate 

gr- 

1/150 

One  of 
required 
strength 

„       8. 

f Morphine  Sulphate     ... 
\  Atropine  Sulphate 

gr. 
gr- 

1/3 
1/120 

..     85. 

(Morphine  Sulphate     ... 

gi- 

1/3 

'1  Atropine  Sulphate 

g"-- 

1/60 

55       7- 

^  f  Morphine  Sulphate     .. 

gr- 

1/2 

\ Atropine  Sulphate 

gr. 

i/ioo>' 

.,     89. 

(Morphine  Sulphate     ... 

gr- 

^/4      I  One 
1/60    j  ^^"^ 

\Str}-chnine  Sulphate  ... 

gr- 

„     88. 

Morphine  Tartrate 

gr- 

1/4         gr.l/8togr.  1/4 
(increased) 

Nitroglycerin  (see  Trinitrin ) 

',     39- 

Physostigmine  (Eserine) 

)  gr.     i/ioo    to 

Salicylate 

gr. 

1/100/    gr.  1/25 

„     84. 

Picrotoxin            

gr- 

1/60        gr.     i/ioo    to 

gr.  1/25 

„     34. 

Pilocarpine  Nitrate 

gr- 

I/IO    ^ 

1/6       1  gr.      1/20     to 

„     64. 

,,                  ,, 

gr- 

,5     33- 

* 

gr- 

1/3      f     gr.  1/2 

„     32- 

* 

gr- 

1/2      1 

„     82. 

*  Potassium  Permanganate 

gr- 

2              gr.   I  to  gr.  5 

„     83. 

*Quinine  Bihvdrochloride 

gr- 

I           1 

M     73- 

* 

,,                      ,, 

gr- 

3           j-  gr-  I  to  gr.  5 
5         J 

„     97- 

* 

gr- 

„  103. 

*Quinine  Bisulphate 

gr- 

5             gr-  I  to  gr.  5 

„     42. 

*Quinine  Hydrobromide.. 

gr- 

1/2          gr.  1/2  to  gr.  2 

„     56. 

*Sparteine  Sulphate 

gr- 

1/2          gr.  1/2  to  gr.  I 

„     52. 

Strophanthin       

gr- 

1/500     gr.     1/500    to 
gr.  i/ioo 

„   109. 
„   no. 
„   III. 

Strychnine  Hydrochloride 

gr- 
gr- 
gr- 

i^t^U-     ^/^5o    to 

„     62. 

Strychnine  Nitrate 

gr. 

1/15    \gn     1/150    to 

„     61. 

„ 

gr. 

i/io    j     gr.  i/io 

*  ///  tubes  of  12.  (all  others  cotitain  10) 
Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 

ISSUED 

BY       B.       %V.       AND      CO. 

TRADE      MARKS                      1()1 

Hypodermic  Products,  'Tabloid' 

Brand— conii'nued 

PREPARATION 

STRENGTH              DOSE 

TABLOID'     BRAND 

(Hypodermic)— 

No. 

„     i8. 

Strychnine  Sulphate 

...  gr.    1/150'^ 

.,     17- 
M     i6. 
.,   104. 
„     99- 

,,     75- 

"                  " 

...  gr.    i/ioo 
...  gr.  1/60 
...  gr.  1/50 
...  gr.  1/40 
...  gr.  1/30 

^gr.     1/150    to 
gr.  i/io 

,,  123. 
„     65. 

,,                  ,,             ...  gr.  1/20    >' 
Trinitrin  (Nitroglycerin)      gr.    1/250^  gr.     1/250    to 

„   115- 
„  354- 

*'Tyramine'        (Para 

...    gr.    i/iooj     gr.  1/50 
-  hy- 

(Trade Mark)  droxyphenvl- 

ethylamine)      ...  ...   0*005  grn.  [gr.  1/13] 

*  In  tubes  of  12  (all  others  contain  2.0) 

Also   vai-WHS    other   Hypodermic   products    isszied    under    the 
'  Tabloid'   Brand. 

Hypodermic  Veterinary  Products,  '  Tabloid '  Brand 

(Full  particulars  sent  on  request ) 

Inhaler  (B.  W.  &  Co.) 

Ammonium  Chloride  Inhaler,  '  ^'aporole  '"  Brand. 
A  remarkably  compact  apparatus  which  will  deliver  perfectly 
neutral  vapour  of  pure  Ammonium  Chloride. 
'  Vaporole  '  Acid     )    For  use  in  above  Inhaler. 
'  Vaporole'  Alkali   I    In  boxes  of  12. 

r^\  'KEPLER'     MALT     EXTRACT     AND 
COMBINATIONS 

SPECIAL  CAUTION.— Many  attempts  are  made  to  imitate 
'Kepler'  Malt  Products,  and  it  is  necessary  to  take  precautions 
against  substitution,  as  malt  preparations  vary  greatly  in  dietetic 
value.  Verbal  instructions  are  not  safe.  To  prevent  fraud  it 
is  best  to  write  prescriptions  for  original  bottles. 

DosE — Of  all   '  Kepler  '  preparations,  one  teaspoonful  to  two 
dessertspoonfuls. 

preparation  and  strength 
'  Kepler  '  Malt  Extract — 

A  most  reliable  and  highly-concentrated  extract,  prepared 
from    the    finest    winter-malted   barley.      Its    dietetic 


Phar III acopceial  preparations  ai-e  U.S. P.  tinless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBE!?  THE 

TRADE    MARKS  FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


'  Kepler '  A\alt  Extract  and  Combinations— contmuea 

*  Kepler  '  Malt  Extract — continued 

value  depends  not  only  on  its  high  diastatic  powers, 
but  also  on  the  albuminoids,  phosphates,  etc.,  which  it 
contains. 
Ditto  with  Beef  and  Iron 

Each   fluid   drachm  contains   Extract  of  Beef,   gr.    i  ;    and  Iron 
and  Ammonium  Citrate,  gr.  i 

Ditto  with  Cascara  Sag  r  ad  a 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  Extract  of  Cascara  Sagrada.  gr.  6 
Ditto  with  H.iMOGLOBix 
Ditto  with  Iron 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  Soluble  Iron  PjTophosphate,  gr.  4 

Ditto  with  Iron  and  Qitinine  Citrate 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  Iron  and  Quinine  Citrate,  gr.  7-1/2 

Ditto  with  Iron  Iodide 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  Iron  Iodide,  gr.  2 

Ditto  with  Iron,  Quinine  and  Strychnine 

Each    fluid    ounce    contains    Iron    Phosphate,   gr.    1/2 ;    Quinine 
Phosphate,  gr.  s/B  ;  and  Str^xhnine  Phosphate,  gr.  1/64 

Ditto  with  Pepsin 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  pure  Pepsin,  gr.  4 

Ditto  with  Phosphorus 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  pure  Phosphorus,  gr.  1/64 

'  Kepler  '     Solution     (of    Cod    Liver    Oil     in    Malt 
Extract) — 

Cod  Liver  Oil  is  the  premier  fatty  food.  It  is  unequalled 
for  its  power  of  supplying  fat  to  the  body,  and  for  the 
readiness  with  which  it  is  oxidised.  Moreover,  it 
enables  the  tissues  to  live  and  develop,  to  repair 
waste,  and  to  effectively  resist  disease. 

The  great  usefulness  of  cod  liver  oil  has  been  largely 
discounted  by  the  unpleasant  effects — nausea,  eructa- 
tion and  alimentary  disturbance — which  often  follow 
the  administration  of  even  the  purest  oil. 

'  Kepler '  Solution  of  Cod  Liver  Oil  in  Malt  Extract  is 
unique  in  its  palatability  and  in  the  ease  and  com- 
pleteness with  which  it  is  assimilated.  It  presents  the 
purest  cod  liver  oil  incorporated  in  the  best  malt 
extract.  The  oil  is  thoroughly  diffused  in  the 
'  Kepler'  Malt  Extract,  and  this  molecular  incorpora- 
tion renders  its  digestion  easy  and  its  assimilation 
certain.  So  palatable  is  '  Kepler '  Solution  that 
children  and  fastidious  patients  take  it  readily,  whilst 

I'harniacopceial  preparations  are  L.S.J\  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND       CO.  TRADE     MARKS  163 


*  Kepler '  Malt  Extract  and  Combinations— contznueif 

'  Kepler  '    Solution    (of    Cod    Liver    Oil    in     Malt 
Extract) — continued 

it  is  absorbed  without  difficulty  by  the  most  debiHtaled 
subjects.  The  high  food  value  of  this  product  is 
shown  by  rapid  increase  in  the  strength  and  weight 
of  the  patient. 
Initial  doses  should  be  small  and  only  gradually  increased. 
Ditto  with  Iron  Iodide 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  Iron  Iodide,  gr.  2 

Ditto  with  Phosphorus 

Each  fluid  ounce  contains  Phosphorus,  gr.  1/64 
Also  variotis  other  products  issued  under  the  ''Kepler'' 
B7-and 

Lint,    Pleated    Compressed,    'Tabloid'    Brand    (see 

page  151; 
Malt  Extract     ( see  '  K^£.v\.v.k,'  page  \(y\ ) 
Medicine  Chests  and   Cases,  '  Tabloid '   Brand    (see 

pages  124-134) 

Menthol  Snuff,  Compound  (B.  W.  &  Co.) 

An  extremely  effective  and  convenient  combination  of 
menthol,  ammonium  chloride,  eucaine  lactate  (1/3  per 
cent.),  etc.,  issued  in  enamelled  tins,  after  the  manner  of 
old-fashioned  black-and-gold  snuff  boxes. 

Mercury  Succinimide  Outfit,  The  B.  W.  &  Co. 

(see  Hypodermic  Apparatus, /o^t?  156^ 

Methyl  Alcohol  (Pure) 

For  use  in  microscopic  staining.  In  hermetically-sealed  glass 
phials,  each  containing  15  c.c.  (approx.  \  fl.  oz.) 

Microscopic  Stains,  '  Soloid  '  Brand  (see  page  1S2J 

Mucin  (  in  scales)— 

A  compound  substance  consisting  of  protein  and  a  carbo- 
hydrate, given  internally  in  those  conditions  in  which 
bismuth  is  usually  prescribed.     Bottles  containing  I  oz. 

Nasal  Medicaments,  'Soloid'  Brand  ( see  page  \']% ) 

Needles,  for  Hypodermic  and  Serum  Syringes.     (Full  list  on 
application. ) 


Phar)iiacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  othei'wise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 

1R»0E     MARKS  FORMUKAKY      OF       FIXE       PRODUCTS 


Needles,   Urethral,  silver-plated,  8-inch,  with  bulb  the  size 
of  the  point  of  a  No.  1 2  French  bougie. 

Nessler's  Solution,  glass  capsules  of   (see  '  Soloid '  Brand 
products, /^^(?  \%\ ) 

'  Nizin  '    (Trade  Mark)— 

A  zinc  salt  of  sulphanilic  acid.  An  antiseptic  which  is 
readily  soluble  in  water,  and  which,  in  the  strengths 
recommended  for  use,  is  non-irritating  and  non-toxic. 
Bottles  containing  I  oz.,  4  oz.,  and  16  oz. 

'  Opa'  Liquid  Dentifrice  (formerly  known  as  'Salodent'^ 
(Trade  Mark)     Aromatic,      Antiseptic,      Refreshing.       Bottles 

containing  2  Imperial  fl.  oz.  and  4  Imperial  fl.  oz.   (with 

sprinklers). 

Ophthalmic  Pocket-Cases,  '  Tabloid  '  Brand 

(see /'ages  123  and  \2\) 

Ophthalmic  and  Hypodermic  Pocket-Cases, 
'Tabloid'  Brand  ( see  page  1  it,  ) 

OPHTHALMIC     PRODUCTS 

:?;;    'TABLOID'      BRAND 

The  word  'TABLOID'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

•  Tabloid  '  Ophthalmic  products  are  minute  in  size,  as 
Exact  thin  as  notepaper,   and  contain  exact  doses  of  pure 

doses  drugs,     prepared    with    a    perfectly    innocuous    and 

rapidly  soluble  basis. 

PREPARATION  STRENGTH 

'TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Ophthalmic)— 


,,     T        Alum             

...     gr. 

1/250 

,,     EE      Argyrol         

...     gr. 

1/24 

f  Atropine  Hydrobromide 

...     gr. 

1/200 

"     ^     \Cocaine  Hydrochloride 

...     gr. 

1/200 

,,     X       Atropine  Sulphate  ... 

...     gr. 

1/600 

,,       A                 ,,                    ,,            

...     gr. 

1/200 

,,     AA     Cocaine  Hydrochloride 

•  •     gi-- 

1/50 

„     c      *      „ 

• :--_g':. 

1/20 

*  In  tubes  of  12  (all  other 

s  contain  25^ 

Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       P..       W.       AND       CO.  TRADE     MARKS  165 


Ophthalmic  Products,  'Tabloid*  Brand— coniinuetf 

PREPARATION  STRENGTH 

'TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Ophthalmic) — 

BB     Dionine         ...  ...  ...    0-0005  gm.  [gr.  1/130] 

FF  *     ,,  ...  ...  ...    0-005  gm.  [gr.  1/13] 

Eserine  {see  Physostigniine) 
Y     *Euphthalmine  Hydrochloride 
z      *  Fluorescein  ... 
H       Homatropine  Hydrochloride 
E     *  „  '      „ 

*  f  Homatropine  Hydrochloride 
\^  Cocaine  Hydrochloride 

^j.  f  Homatropine  Hydrochloride 
(^  Cocaine  Hydrochloride 
u       Hyoscine  Hydrobromide   ... 
GG     Physostigniine  Salicylate   ... 
F  ,, 

*  /  Physostigniine  Salicylate    . . . 
\^Tropacocaine  Hydrochloride 

K       Pilocarpine  Nitrate 
(Pilocarpine  Nitrate... 
\Cocaine  Hydrochloride 
Scopolamine  {see  Hyoscine) 
L     *Tropacocaine  Hydrochloride 
R       Zinc  Sulphate 
^.  f  Zinc  Sulphate 
\^ Cocaine  Hydrochloride    ... 
*  /;/  tubes  of  12  (all  others  contain  25  j 
Also  various  other  Ophthalmic  pj'odncts  issued  under  the 
'  Tabloid '  Brand. 

OPHTHALMIC     PRODUCTS 

r?l    'SOLOID'      BRAND 

The  word  'SOLOID'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

'SOLOID'    BRAND 

(Ophthalmic)— 

,,  J  Corrosive  Sublimate  ( Hydrat-g.  Chlor.  Corrosiv. ) 

gr.  i/iooo,  tubes  of  25 
For  other  '  Soloid'  Brand  products  suitable  for  Ophthalmic 
nse^  see  pages  1 75- 1 80. 

Phartnacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  othenvise  stated 


gr- 

1/40 

gr- 

1/250 

gr- 

1/400 

.gr. 

1/40 

gr. 

1/240 

gr- 

1/24 

gr. 

1/50 

gr- 

1/50 

gr- 

1/600 

gr. 

1/2000 

gr- 

1/600 

gr- 

1/500 

gr- 

i/ioo 

gr- 

1/400 

gr- 

1/500 

gr- 

1/200 

gr. 

1/30 

err. 

1/250 

gr- 

1/250 

gr- 

1/20 

REMEMBER     THE 
166  T9»0E     M»aKS  FORMULARY      OF      FIKE      PRODUCTS 

Ophthalmic   Veterinary   Products,    *  Soloid '    Brand 

( Full pariiculars  sent  on  request ) 

*  Orsudan '  (Sodium  3-Methyl-4-aceiylaminophenylarsonate) 

(  Trade  Mark)  DOS  E 

'Orsudan*  is  an  organic  arsenical  prepjaration  One     to     ten 

of  but  slight  toxic  action  compared  with  grains  (or  o-o6 

the  inorganic   compounds  of  arsenic.      It  gm.      to     o-6 

is  employed  in  syphilis,  malaria,  tr}'pano-  gm. )   by  sub- 

somiasis    and    other     protozoal    diseases,  cutaneous   or, 

'  Orsudan '    is   anhydrous,   and   is   soluble  preferably,  in- 

in  two-and-a-half  parts  of  water  at  body  tra muscular 

temperature,   and  in  four  parts  at  60'   F.  injection. 
In  5  gramme  and  30  gramme  containers. 

{See  also  *  Tabloid '  '  Orsudan,'  page  206) 

'  Paroleine  '     A  perfectly    stable,    odourless,    colourless  and 
(Trade  Mark)       tasteless  oil.      It  is  a  good  solvent  of  many  of 
the  remedies  employed  in  treating  diseases  of  the  nose  and 
throat.     Bottles  containing  4  fl.  oz.  and  I  lb.  (18  fl.  oz.). 


PASTILLES,    ^Sl   'TABLOID'   brand 

The  word  'TABLOID'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering, 

'  Tabloid  '  Pastilles  ensure  the  gradual  and  prolonged  applica- 
tion to  the  throat  and  mouth  of  medicaments,  which  are 
presented  in  a  most  pleasant  condition  :  they  are  also  employed 
in  certain  cases  to  obtain  the  general  effect  of  the  drug.  Bv 
their  use,  astringents,  antiseptics,  anaesthetics,  expectorants  and 
laxatives  can  be  conveniently  exhibited.  The  basis  of  the 
pastille  is  demulcent,  increasing  the  efficacy  of  the  active 
ingredients. 

'TABLOID'   brand- 
No. 
I.     Ammonium  Chloride  and  Licorice 

Each  contains  Ammonium  Chloride,  gr.  i 

3.  Cocaine  Hydrochloride,  gr.  i/io 

4.  Codeine,  gr.  1/8 

Pharmcuopceial  preparaJions  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMSER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       R.       W.       AND      CO.  TRADE     marks  167 


Pastilles,  'Tabloid'  Brand— amiim^ecf 

TABLOID'    BRAND 

No. 
,,        2.      Codeine  and  Benzoic  Acid  Compound 

5;     Acidi  Benzoici...         .?r.  1/2 

Codeine gr.  i/to 

Mentholis  gr.  i/io 

Pulv.  Ipecacuanha;     ...  ...     gr.  i/io 

Cocainae  Hydrochloridi         ...     gr.  1/40 

Gummi  Rubri gr.  1/2 

01.  Menthse  Piperitae  ...     ^.s. 

,,      22.      Codeine  and  Benzoic  Acid  Compound,  without  Cocaine 
.Similar  to  No.  2,  but  contains  no  Cocaine  Hydrochloritle 

,,       5.     Glycerin 

,,       6.     Glycerin  and  Black  Currant 

,,       7.     Glycerin,  Tannin  and  Black  Currant 

Each  contains  Tannin,  gr.  1/2 
,,       8.     Glycerin,  Tannin,  Capsicum  and  Black  Currant 

Each   contains    Tannin,    gr.    1/2,    and  the    equivalent    of 
Tincture   of  Capsiciun,  min.  0-40,    equal   to  Capsicum, 
gr.  3/80. 
,,      18.      Laxative  Fruit 

Each  contains  Extract  of  Senna  Fruit,  gr.  5,  pleasantly 
flavoured.  The  '  Tabloid  '  Pastille  is  extremely  palatable, 
and  facilitates  the  administration,  to  children  and 
fastidious  patients,  of  an  efficient  laxative. 

,,     10.     Lemon  Juice 

,,      II.     Linseed,  Licorice  and  Chlorodyne 

Each  contains  Morphine  Hydrochloride,  gr.  1/120 
,,     16.     Menthol,  gr.  1/8 
,,      17.      Menthol  and  Eucalyptus 

5;     Mentholis  gr.  1/20 

Olei  Eucalypti min.  1/2 

,,      12.     Morphine  and  Ipecac 

^     Morphinae  Hydrochloridi     ...     gr.  1/36 
Pulv.  Ipecacuanhae    ...         ...     gr.  1/12 

,,      20.      Pectoral 

Containing  Ammoniated  Licorice,    Squill,    Tolu,    Senega, 
Ipecac,  Wild  Black  Cherry,  etc. 
,,      19.      Pine  Tar  Compound 

Containing  Pine  Tar,  Terebene,  Benzoin,  Tolu,  Ipecac,  etc. 

,,      13.      '  Pinol,'  min.  I 

,,      14.      Red  Gum  and  Cocaine 

IJ     Gummi  Rubri gr.  i 

Cocainae  Hydrochloridi         ...     gr.  1/20 

,,      15.     Rhatany  (Krameria),  Menthol  and  Cocaine 

B;     Ext.  Krameriae  gr.  2 

Mentholis  gr.  1/20 

Cocainae  Hydrochloridi         ...     gr.  1/20 

A /so  various  other  Pastilles  issued  tiuder  the  '  Tabloid^  Brand 
Pharniacopceial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER  THE 

TRADE     M*RKS  FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


'  Phenofax  '  Brand  Carbolic  Acid  Ointment 

(Trade  Mark)  'Phenofax'  is  an  antiseptic  sedative  dressing 
which  presents  4  per  cent,  of  pure  phenol  in  a  bland  basis, 
and  is  notable  for  its  sedative  effect  on  the  skin  and 
mucous  surfaces.  It  disinfects,  allays  pain,  and  encourages 
granulation.      Issued  in  glass  pots. 


PHOTOGRAPHIC     CHEMICALS 

':^.    'TABLOID'      BRAND 

The  word  'Tabloid'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  This  brand  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

•Tabloid'  Photographic  Chemicals  represent  the  acme  of 
convenience  and  reliability,  while  their  superior  quality  and 
accuracy  in  weight  and  composition  ensure  the  best 
rebsTbie"''  results.  They  entirely  obviate  the  trouble  of 
weighing  small  quantities  of  chemicals  and  the 
disappointments  occasioned  by  the  deterioration  of  stock 
solutions.  They  enable  the  tourist  to  carry  all  the  requisite 
materials  for  developing,  fixing,  etc.,  with  convenience,  comfort 
and  safet}-.     At  home  they  save  time  and  trouble. 

Developers 

The  developers  are  packed  in  cartons,  each  containing  the 
'  Tabloid '  Reducing  Agent,  and  the  '  Tabloid '  Accelerator 
specially  prepared  for  use  with  that  reducing  agent. 

'TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Photographic)— 

Amidol  Developer 
,,     Edinol  Developer 
,,     Eikonogen  Developer 
,,     Glycin  Developer 
,,     Hydroquinone  (Quinol)  Developer 
,,     Metol  Developer 
,,     Metol-Quinol  Developer 
,,     Ortol  Developer 
,,     Paramidophenol  Developer 
.,     Pyro  Developer 
,,     P}TO- Metol  Developer  ( Imperial  Standard  Formula) 

Pharmacopaial  preparations  are  U.S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


.      REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       B.       VV.       AND       CO.  TRADE     MARKS 


Photosrraphic  Chemicals,  'Tabloid'  Brand— continued 
Developer  S — contimied 

'TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Photographic)— 

,,   *Pyro-Soda  Developer  ( I  If ord  Formula) 

,,      '  Rytol'  (Trade  Mark)  Universal  Developer 

*  In  ordering  this  special  developer,  it  is  always  necessary  to  quote 
"  Ilford  formula." 

I  ntensifiers 

'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

(Photographic)— 

,,     Chromium  Intensifier 

,,     Mercuric  Iodide  and  Sodium  Sulphite 

Toners 

'TABLOID'     BRAND 

(Photographic)— 

Gold  Chloride,  gr,  \,  with  Borax,  gr.  15  (b  i) 

,,  ,,     Sodium  Bicarbonate,  gr.  15  (b  2) 

,,  ,,     Sodium  Phosphate,  gr.  15  (b  3) 

,,         ,,     Sodium  Tungstate,  gr.  15  (b  4) 
,,  ,,     Sodium  Formate  Compound  (b  5) 

,,  ,,     Sulphocyanide  Compound  (b  6) 

,,  ,,     Thiosulphate  Compound 

(  Combined  Bath  for  toning  and  fixing  P.  O.F.)  (B  10) 

The  above  are  supplied  in  cartons  containing  sufficient 
for  the  preparation  of  six  toning  baths  of  5  to  10  ounces  or 
more.  For  convenience  they  may  be  ordered  by  their 
numbers,   thus  :   'Tabloid'  Gold  Toning,  B  I,  B  2,  etc. 

,,     Bleaching  Compound 

,,     Copper    Ferrocyanide    Toning    Compound    (for    toning 

Bromide  Prints  and  Lantern  Slides  ) 
, ,     Platinum  Toning  Compound  (for  toning  Matt  P.  O.  P. ) 
,,     Sepia  Toner  (for  Bromide  Prints  and  Lantern  Slides) 
,,     Sulphiding  Compound 

Accessories 

'TABLOID  '     BRAND 

(Photographic) —  strength 

,,     Alkali — 

'  Tabloid '  Sodium  Carbonate     ...  ...     gr.  44 

Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  tinless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
170  TRADE    MARKS  FORMULARY      OF       FINE      PRODUCTS 


Photosrraphic  Chemicals,   '  Tabloid  '  Brand— con/niueif 

Accessories — continued 
'TABLOID'  KKAM) 

(Photographic)—  strength 

,,     Density  Reducers — 

'  Tabloid '  Ammonium  Persulphate        ...     gr.  1 1 
'  Tabloid '  Potassium  Ferricyanide         ...     gr.  2 

, ,     Fixer — 

*  Tabloid '  Sodium  Thiosulphate  ( Hypo),  1    Equals  gr.  44 

Dried,  gr.  28*5  J      of  crj'slals 

, .     Hardener 

'  Tabloid  *  Alum  :..  ...  ...  ...     gr.  lO 

,,     Haj-d^ner  and  Clearer — 

'  Tabloid  '  Alum  and  Citric  Acid  Com- 
pound 

(Chrome  Alum,  gr.  5  ;  Citric  Acid,  gr.  5) 
,,     Preservatives — 

'  Tabloid  '  Potassium  Metabisulphite     ...     gr.  10 
'Tabloid'  Sodium  Sulphite,  Dried,  gr.  5     Equals  gr.  10 

of  crjstals 
, ,     Kestrainers — 

*  Tabloid  '  Ammonium  Bromide  ...     gr.  I 
'  Tabloid '  Potassium  Bromide    ...  ...     gr.  I 

'  Tabloid  '  Sodium  Citrate  ...  ...     gr.  I 

,,      Sensitiser  (for  carbon  tissue,  etc. ) — 

'Tabloid'    Potassium    Ammonium 

Chromate  ...  ...  ...  ...     gr.  24 

For  Ozobrome   Process 

'TABLOID'    BRAND 

(Photographic) — 

,,     Ozobrome  Pigmenting  Compound. 
Also  various  other  Photographic  products  issued  under  the 
'  Tabloid '  Brand. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC     EXPOSURE     RECORD 
AND     DIARY,     THE     'WELLCOME' 

The  most  useful  pocket-book  for  the  photographer.  Contains 
ruled  pages  for  recording  exposures,  a  diary  for  the  year,  also 
numerous  technical  articles  and  tables,  and  an  exposure  calcu- 
lator which  tells  the  correct  exposure  under  any  circumstance 
by  ONE  turn  of  one  scale,  etc.,  etc. 

Pharmot'Opocial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND       CO.  TRADE     MARKS  171 


Photographic  Exposure  Record  and  Diary,  The  'Wellcome' 

— continued 

U.S.A.  Edition.     Bound  in  red  canvas. 

Also  issued : 

Southern  Hemisphere  and  Tropical  Edition,  for  all 
countries  south  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  (about  20°  N.).  Bound 
in  dark  green  canvas. 

Northern  Hemisphere  Edition,  for  Canada,  Europe, 
and  all  countries  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  except  United 
States  of  America,     Bound  in  light  green  canvas. 

Each  Edition  complete  with  wallet  for  proofs,  etc. ,  and  pencil. 


PHOTOGRAPHIC    OUTFIT,    No.  905 
T^.  'TABLOID'   BRAND 

A  complete  and  compact  chemical  outfit  for  developing  and 
fixing  plates,  films,  bromide  or  gaslight  papers,  and  for  toning 
and  fixing  P.O. P. 

Standard  Contents  : — 

'  Tabloid '  '  Rytol '  Universal  Developer,  to  make  80 
ounces  of  solution  ;  '  Tabloid '  Sodium  Thiosulphate 
(Hypo);  'Tabloid'  Chromium  Intensifier,  to  make 
50  ounces  of  solution  ;  '  Tabloid  '  Gold  Chloride  with 
Thiosulphate  Compound  (Combined  Bath),  to  make 
30  ounces  of  solution  ;  '  Tabloid  '  Sepia  Toner. 
(Contents  may  be  varied  as  desired. ) 
Measurements:  4  x  4  x  2g  in.  In  rex  red,  royal  blue, 
imperial  green  or  bright  scarlet  enamelled  metal,  or  in 
black  japanned  metal. 

(When  ordering,  please  specify  colours  desired) 

'  Pinol  '    ( Distilled  Esseiue  of  Pi)ius puniilio ) 

(  Trade  Mark) 

A  valuable  stimulant,  disinfectant  and  antiseptic 
in  respiratory  affections.  The  '  Tabloid  '  Pastille  (see 
page  167)  affords  a  pleasant  means  of  securing 
prolonged  continuous  local  action. 

In  \  Imperial  fl.  oz.  and  I  Imperial  fl.  oz.  bottles. 
Pharinacopoeial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
172  -IRAOE     MARKS  FORMULARY      OF      T-INE       PRODUCTS 


Saccharin,  'Tabloid'  Brand  (see  page  212) 
(See  also  '  Tabloid '  '  Saxin,'  page  213^ 

Saline    Solutions    for     Intravenous    injection    (stc 

page  179  J 

SANITARY    TOWELS,     PLEATED 

COMPRESSED,     ^:,l  'TABLOID'  brand 

Pleated  Compressed  Sanitary  Towels  were  originated  and 
introduced  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

'  Tabloid  '  Pleated  Compressed  Sanitary  Towels  possess 
several  points  of  superiority  over  ordinary  sanitary  towels. 
They  are  made  of  materials 
of  exceptional  quality  specially 
adapted  for  the  purpose. 
Their  highly  absorbent  pro- 
perties are  particularly  note- 
worthy. The  delicate  texture 
of  the   surface   of  these  towels 


=i'TABLOID-«. 

PLEATED  COMPRESSED  S.'T. 

NO.  4 


Banwela  VWIccaw  fc  Ca.,  LmJwi  tEng. 


'  Tabloid '  Pleated  Sanitary 

Towel  (No.  4)  ensures  perfect  freedom  from  the 

"■^'  ^'^®  slightest  sense  of  discomfort  in 

use.  Owing  to  the  extremely  small  space  which  they  occupy, 
they  are  particularly  convenient  when  travelling.  Extreme 
compactness  is  secured  by  compression,  and  perfect  cleanliness 
ensured  by  the  method  of  packing. 

Five  sizes  are  issued,  each  size  in  packages  of  12 
'  Saxin,'  {see  '  Tabloid  '  '  Saxin," /a^*?  213) 

(Trade  Mark) 


SERA,   "l'^.    'WELLCOME'   brand 

The  word  'Wellcome'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine 
products  issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the 
supply  of  these  pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should 
always  be  specified  when  ordering. 

The    high     reputation    which     these    sera    have    with     the 
medical     profes.sion     is     constantlv     confirmed     bv 

Reputation        ,         r  i  i  •        i       "      i       i 

the    favourable   reports   received,    and   the    accumu- 
lating evidence   proves   this   high   reputation   to   be  deserv-ed. 

Pharmacopoeial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       B.       VV.       AND       CO.  TRADE     MARKS  173 


Sera,  *  Wellcome  '  Brand— continued 

'Wellcome'  Brand  Sera  are  prepared  under  U.S.A. 
Government  Licence,  No.  i8,  in  the  Wellcome  Physiological 
Research    Laboratories,    Brockwell    Hall,    London,    England, 

under  conditions  which  fulfil  every  requirement  of 

■  1-  Tests 

modern   science   and    under    the    immediate    super- 
vision of  specialists  of  long  and  varied  experience.     The  sera 
are  not  sent  out  until  they  have  successfully  passed   rigorous 
sterility  and  toxicity  tests  ;  they  are  then  issued  in  hermetically- 
sealed  phials  of  convenient  sizes. 

Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  act  as  distributing  agents,  and 
will  endeavour  to  despatch  orders  for  these  sera  immediately 
on  receipt  of  letter  or  telegram. 

Sera  should  be  carefully  kept  in  their  original  packings,  in  a 
cool  dark  place,  avoiding,  as  much  as  possible,  variations  of 
temperature. 

'WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
„    Diphtheria  Antitoxic  Serum 

Phials    containing   looo,    2000,    3000  and    4000  (Ehrlich- 

Behring)  units. 
The  same  doses  are  also  supplied  in  Syringe-containers. 
High  Potency : 
Phials  containing  i,   2,  3,  4  and  5  c.c,  each  c.c.  being 
equivalent  to  lOOO  Ehrlich-Behring  units. 

The  following    Sera    are    issued    in     hervietically-sealed 
phials. 

„  *Anti=gonococcus  Serum :  from  strains  of  gonococci 
obtained   from    cases    of   urethritis   and   gonorrhoea!    con- 
junctivitis. 
In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

„  *Anti=staphylococcus  Serum,    Polyvalent:   from 
horses  immunised  against  various  cultures  of  Staphylococcus 
pyogenes  aureus,  albtis,  citreus  and  hietnorrhagictcs : — 
In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

„  *Anti=streptococcus    Serum,    Erysipelas:    from 
horses  immunised  against  cultures  from    typical   cases   of 
erysipelas : — 
In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

*  See  note  on  next  page 


Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S.  P.  unless  othenvise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
174  TRADE     MARKS  FORMULARY      OK       FINE       PRODUCTS 


Sera.    'Wellcome'  Brand— coniinued 
'WELLCOME'  BRAND 
„  *Anti=streptococcus    Serum,    Polyvalent:    from 
horses  immunised  against  cultures  of  streptococci  coming  in 
all  from  60  sources,  in  the  following  diseases  :— 

Erysipelas,  Scarlet  Fever,  Puerperal  Fever, 
Rheumatic      Fever,      Septicaemia,      Angina, 
Pneumonia,  Ulcerative  Endocarditis. 
In  phials  containing  lo  c.c.  and  25  c.c. 

„  *Anti=streptococcus   Serum,    Puerperal   Fever: 

from     horses     immunised     against    over     20    cultures    of 
Streptococcus  from  cases  of  puerperal  fever  : — 
In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

„  *Anti=streptococcus    Serum,     Pyogenes  :     from 
horses  immunised  against  9  different  strains  of  Streptococcus 
pyogeties : — 
In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

„  *Anti=streptococcus  Serum,  Rheumatic  Fever: 

from  horses  immunised  against  cultures  from  severe  cases 
of  acute  rheumatism  and  of  rheumatoid  arthritis  : — 

In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

„  *Anti=streptococcus    Serum,     Scarlatina :     from 
horses  immunised   against  cultures   from    9   severe    (some 
fatal)  cases  of  scarlet  fever  : — 
In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

,,  *Anti=typhoid  Serum  :  from  horses  immunised 
against  cultures  of  Bcuillus  typhosus  from  several  cases 
of  typhoid  fev^er  : — 

In  phials  containing  25  c.c. 

*Phials  containing  50  c.c.  of  Polyvalent  Anti -streptococcus 
Serum  and  10  c.c.  and  50  c.c.  of  the  others  are  supplied 
to  special  order  only. 

Also  various  other  Sera  issued  under  the  '  IVellcome '  brand 

Serum  Syringes  (B.  W.  &  Co.)  (seepage  156; 

Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND      CO.  TRADE     MARKS  175 


'  Soamin  '  (Sodium  Para-aminophenylarsonate) 
(Trade  Mark)  DOSE 

An   organic   preparation    of  low  toxicity   as     See    special 

compared     with     arsenous     acid    or     the         leaflet 

inorganic  salts  of  arsenic.     It  contains  22-8 

per  cent,  of  arsenium  (As),  and  is  soluble 

in  three  parts  of  water  at  body  temperature 

and  in  five  parts  at  60"  F.    Used  in  syphilis, 

malaria,    kala-azar,     trypanosomiasis    and 

other   protozoal    diseases.       In    bottles  of 

5  gm.  and  30  gm. 

[See  also  'Tabloid'  '  Soamin,' /ai,'-^  213) 
For  full  particulars,  see  '  Soamin  '  booklet 
Soap,  '  Hazeline.'    ( See  page  i^^) 

u^<^  'SOLOID'     BRAND     PRODUCTS 

The  word  'SOLOID'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the  supply  of 
pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should  always  be 
specified  when  ordering. 

The  series  of  '  Soloid '  Brand  products  provides  reliable 
antiseptics,  astringents  and  aniiesthetics  ;  also  convenient  means 

J s^^      of  preparing  stains  for  microscopic  work,  and  test 

I  I    solutions  for  water,  sewage  or  urine  analysis.     Their 

portability,  accuracy  in  strength,  uniform  activity 
and  ready  solubility  render  them  far  preferable  to  stock 
solutions. 

'SOLOID'    BRAND—  STRENGTH         ,         Issued  in 

I  bets,  of  I  bots.  of 
,,   Alkaline  Compound  ^i"^^/^^^^  178^  j 

,,   Alum    ...  ...  ...  ...     gr.  10  —        100 

,,  Alum  and  Zinc  Sulphate       ...  25     1     — - 

'^  Aluminis       gr.  15  1  j 

Zinci  Sulphatis        ...     gr.  15  | 

,,   Alum    and    Zinc    Compound, 

Strong  I     25 

IJ:  Aluminis       ...         ...     gr.  30  i 

Zinci  Sulphatis        ...     gr.  15  \ 

'  Soloid '  Brand  Products  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500, 

with  the  exception  of  those  put  up  in  tubes  only. 

Pharniacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherxvise  stated 


176 


REMEMBER  THE 
TRADE  MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


'  Soloid  '  Brand  Products— continued 
'SOLOID'    BRAND- 


STRENGTH 


Antiseptic  and  Alkaline  Com- 
pound [see  page  178) 

Argyrol,  tubes  of  12 

,,         tubes  of  6    ... 
Atropine  Sulphate,  tubes  of  6 
Atropine  and  Cocaine,    tubes 

of  6 

5:  Atropinae  Sulphatis        gr.  0-272 
CocainaeHydrochloridigr.  log 

Black    Lotion    (Black    Wash) 

{see    Mercurial    Compound, 

page  177) 
Boric  Acid  (scented  with   Otto 

of  Rose) 
Boric  Acid  (unscented) 
Boric  Acid  and  Zinc  Sulphate 

(scented  with  Otto  of  Rose) 
5^  Acidi  Borici ...         ...     gr.  6 

Zinci  Sulphatis         ...     gr.  1/2 

Carbolic  Acid  (Phenol), 

tubes  of  2 


Cocaine  Hydrochloride, 

of  25  

Cocaine  Hydrochloride 


5 
12 

6 

tubes 


Cocaine  and  Eucaine,  of  each 
Copper  Sulphate 
Corrosive  Sublimate (Hydrarg. 
Chlor.  Corrosiv. )  (Ophthal- 
mic), tubes  of  25    ... 
{See  page  165) 
Corrosive  Sublimate  (Hydrarg. 
Chlor.  Corrosiv.)     ... 
One  in  4  fluid  ounces  of  water 

=  I  in  1000  solution. 
One  in  one  pint  (16  fluid  ounces) 
of  water  =  i  in  4000  solution. 

Corrosive  Sublimate  ( Hydrarg. 
Chlor.  Corrosiv.)     ... 
One  in  one  pint  (16  fluid  ounces) 
of  water  =  i  in  1000  solution. 


gr- 
gr- 
gr- 


5-45 
0-545 


gr- 
gr- 
gr- 

2X. 


5 
20 

60 

1/2 

I 

5 

1/2 

I 


gr.  i/iooo 


gr.  1-825 


gr.  l-l 


Issued  in 
bots.  of  I  bots.  of 


25 
25 


25 
25 
25 


25 


'  Soloid '  Brand  Products  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500, 

with  the  exception  of  those  put  up  in  tubes  only. 

Pharmcuopoeial  preparations  are  U.S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND       CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  177 


Soloid'  Brand  Products— continued 


Issued  in 
bots.  of  I  bots.  of 


gr.  I 

25 

gr.  5 

!    25 

gr.  I 

25 

gr.  5 

25 

SOLOID  '    BRAND—  STRENGTH         I 

, ,  Corrosive  Sublimate  ( H ydrarg. 

Chlor.  Corrosiv.) gr.  14-6 

One  in  one  pint  (16  fluid  ounces) 
of  water  =  i  in  500  solution. 

Eucaine  Hydrochloride 


Eucaine  Lactate 


'  Eucalyptia '  Compound    [see 

page  178) 
Homatropine     and     Cocaine, 

tubes  of  6     ... 
]J    Homatropinae  Hydro- 

bromidi     gr.  0-54.5 

Cocainae  Hydro- 
chloridi     gr.  109 

Homatropine  Hydrobromide, 
tubes  of  6     gr.  0-545 

Homatropine    Methylbromide 

and  Cocaine,  tubes  of  6     ... 

B    Homatropinae  Methyl- 

bromidi gr.  0-545 

Cocainae  Hydro- 
chloridi     gr.  1-09 

Hydrarg.  Chlor.  Corrosiv.  (see 

Corrosive  Sublimate, /<2^^  1 76^ 
lodic-Hydrarg.    {see  Mercuric 
Potassium  Iodide,  page  178) 
Lead  and  Opium        ...  ...  25 

One,  added  to  one  ounce  of  hot  ; 

water,  yields  a  lotion  of  same  ' 

strength   as    the    N.F.    Lotio 
Plumbi  et  Opii. 

Lead  Subacetate         ...  ...     gr,  11-5  25 

One  in  2^  fl.  oz.  of  distilled  water 
yields  a  i  per  cent,  (appro.x.) 
solution,       corresponding      to  I 

Liquor      Plumbi     Subacetatis  j 

Dilutus. 

Mercurial  Compound,  for  the 

preparation  of  Black  Lotion  •     25 

One  in  6  fluidrachms   of  distilled  I 

water   yields    a  solution   corre-  i 

sponding  to  Lotio  Nigra,  N.F.  ! 


'  Soloid '  Brand  Products  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500, 

with  the  exception  of  those  put  tip  in  tubes  only. 

Phannacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


178 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


Soloid'  Brand  Products- 
SOLOID'    BRAND— 


continued 

STRENGTH 


Issued  in 
bots.  of  I  bots.  of 


Mercuric  Potassium  Iodide 
(formerly  ktiown  as  lodic- 
Hydrarg.)    ... 

One  in  4  fluid  ounces  or  one  in  one 
pint  (16  fluid  ounces)  of  water 
yield  respectively-  solutions  of  i 
in  1000  and  i  in  4000  (frequently 
known  as  Mercurj"  Biniodide 
Solution). 

Mercuric  Potassium  Iodide 
(formerly  kntrwn  as  lodic- 
Hydrarg.^    ... 

One  in  16  fluid  ounces  of  water 
=  I  in  1000  solution  (frequently- 
known  as  Mercury  Biniodide 
Solution). 

Mucin    and     Menthol     Com- 
pound 
E 


(N 


gr.  1.825 


Mucini          

gr.  4-1/2 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis 

gr.  4-1/2 

Mentholis    

gr.  1/20 

lasal) 

.     Alkaline  Compound      . . . 

E  Sodii  Boratis 

gr-S 

Sodii  Chloridi    ... 

gr.  5 

.     Antiseptic  and 

Alkaline 

Compound 

E  Sodii  Bicarbonatis 

gr.  5 

Phenolis 

gr.  1/2 

Sodii  Boratis 

gr-  5 

,     '  Eucah-ptia  '"  Compound 

E  Sodii  Bicarbonatis 

gr.8 

Sodii  Boratis 

gr.8 

Sodii  Benzoatis  ... 

gr.  1/3 

Sodii  Salicylatis 

gr-  1/3 

Eucalyptolis 

nun.  1/6 

Thj-molis 

gr.  1/6 

Mentholis 

gr.  1/12 

01.  Gaultherise  ... 

min.  1/12 

,     Phenol  Compound 

B  Sodii  Bicarbonatis 

gr.  12 

Phenolis  ... 

gr.  1-1/2 

Sodii  Chloridi    ... 

gr.  2 

.     Sodium    Bicarbonate 

Compound 

5,  Sodii  Bicarbonatis 

gr.  5 

Sodii  Boratis 

gr.  5 

Sodii  Chloridi    ... 

gr.  5 

gr.  7-3 


100 


'  Soloid '  Braiid  Prodtuts  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500. 

with  the  exception  of  those  piit  up  in  tttbes  only. 

Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED   BY 


AND   CO. 


REMEMBER  THE 

TRADE   MARKS         179 


Soloid  '  Brand  Products— conh'nueti 


Issued  in 


bots.  of 


SOLOID'    BRAND— 

,,   (Nasal) — contimied — 
,,     ,,     Sodium    Bicarbonate 
Compound,  Saccharated 
^  Sodii  Bicarbonatis        gr.  5 
Sodii  Boratis  ...     gr.  5 

Sodii  Chloridi        ...     gr.  5 
Sacchari  Albi         ...     gr.  5 

,,  Naso- Pharyngeal     Compound 


.STRENGTH 


A  zinc  salt  of  sulphanilic  acid 
Paraform 
Phenol    (see    Carbolic    Acid, 

page  1 76 J 
Potassium  Permanganate 

Potassium  Permanganate  and 
Alum 

5:  Potassii 

Permanganatis     gr.  3 
Aluminis      ...         ...     gr.  5 

Saline  Compound,  tubes  of  12 


One  in  5  fluid  ounces  of  water 
2  per  cent,  solution  (approx.) 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  Com- 
pound (see  pa^e  178) 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  Com- 
pound, Saccharated  (see 
aboz'e) 


25 


Sodii  Chloridi        ...     gr.  7 

Sodii  Boratis          ...     gr.  2-1/2 

Acidi  Borici            ...     gr.  3/4 

Sodii  Benzoatis      ...     gr.  1/2 

Mentholis gr.  1/50 

! 

Thymolis     gr.  i/ioo 

Cocainae  Hydro- 

chloridi     gr.  1/6 

01.  Gaultheriae      ...     min.  1/20 

\Z\n'  {Trade  Mark) 

gr.  2 

,,                    ,, 

gr.  20 

25 


25 


bots.  of 


100 


100 
100 


5;  Calcii  Chloridi 

gr.  7/10 

Potassii  Chloridi    ... 

gr.  7/10 

Sodii  Chloridi 

gr.  31-1/2 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis... 

gr.  7/20 

Dextrosi       

gr.  3-1/2 

Silver  Nitrate 

gr-  I 

25 

JJ                        5> 

gr-  5 

25 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 

gr-  44 

25 

'  Soloid''  Brand  Products  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500, 

zvith  the  exception  of  those  put  up  in  tubes  only. 

Pharmacopceial  prepaj-ations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
180  TRADE     MARKS  FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


*  Soloid  '  Brand  Products— <-OHti»ued 

'  SOLOID'    BRAND—  STRENGTH 

,,  Sodium  Chloride,  tubes  of  12  gr.  32 
Two  dissolved  in  16  fluid  ounces 
of  boiled  (sterile)  water,  for 
intravenous  injection  at  100"  F. 
(37-S'  C.)>  give  a  solution  con- 
taining 0-9  per  cent,  of  sodium 
chloride, 

„  Sodium  Chloride,  tubes  of  6     gr.  64 
One  in  16  fluid  ounces  of  boiled 
(sterile)  water,  for  intravenous 
injection  at  100°  F.  (378"  C.) 


Issued  in 
bots.  of  bots.  of 


Sodium   Citrate   and    Sodium 

Chloride       

^  Sodii  Citratis    gr.    3 

Sodii  Chloridi gr.  16 

Zinc  Chloride 

gr- 

5 

Zinc  Pei-manganate     

gr- 

1/8 

Zinc  Sulphate 

gr- 

I 

, ,           , , 

gr- 

10 

Zinc  Sulphocarbolate  (Phenol- 

sulphonate) 

gr- 

2 

,,                  ,, 

gr- 

10 

—  100 

—  100 

—  100 

,     —  100 

I    —  100 


A /so  a  wide  range  of  other  products  issued  und^r  the 
'  Soloid '  Brand. 


'SOLOID'  BRAND  PRODUCTS  FOR 

TESTING  PURPOSES,  etc. 

For  Urine  Analysis 

.  ^  ^  .   ^  .  ^  .  I    Issued  in 

'SOLOID'     BRAND—  STRENGTH  tubes  of 

,,   Citric  Acid  ...  ...  ...  ...     gr.  I  20 

,,  YthXing'sTtsU  for  preparing  Fehiing's 

Solution,  cartons  of  24  I 

,,   Indigo  Test  for  Sugar  I 

(Sodium     Xitrophenylpropiolate)     gr.  1/4  20 

,,  Picric  Acid          ...          ...         ...          ...     gr.  i  20 

,,   Potassium  Ferrocyanide  ...  ...     gr.  I         |       20 

,,   Salicyl-sulphonic  Acid  ...  ...  ...     gr.  2         I        16 

'  Soloid '  Brand  Prodtuts  are  also  isstud  in  bottles  of  503, 

ivith  the  exception  of  those  put  up  in  tubes  only. 

.Phartnacopceial  prep>aratiotis  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED      BY      B. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


181 


Soloid'  Brand  Products  for  Testing  Purposes,  ^tc— continued 
For   Water  Analysis 

SOLOID'     BRAND—  STRENGTH 

,,  Ammonium  Chloride...          ...          ...          ...  o-oooi6  gm. 

,,   Lead  Acetate 0-0184  gm. 

,,   Meta-phenylenediamine  Sulphate   ...          ...  o-oi  gm. 

,,  Oxalic  Acid o-i  gm. 

,,   Potassium  Chromate...          ...          ...          ...  0-0065  gm. 

,,   Potassium  Ferrocyanide        ...          ...          ...  0-013  gm. 

,,   Potassium  Nitrate      0-00144  gm. 

,,   Potassium  Permanganate      ...          ...          ...  0-00395  gm. 

,,   Silver  Nitrate...          ...          ...          ...          ...  0-0097  gm. 

,,   Soap 

,,   Sodium  Acid  Sulphate          ...          ...          ...  0-324  gm. 

.,   Zinc  Dust        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  0-13  gm. 

,,   Zinc  Sulphide             ...          ...          ...          ...  0-25  gm. 

/n  packages  0/2^ 

,,   Nessler's  Solution,  in  hermetically-sealed  glass  capsules. 

Boxes  of  30  capsules,  each  containing  ...  0-5  c.c. 

24         ,,                  ,,                 ...  2  c.c. 

For    Sewage    Analysis 

'SOLOID  '    BRAND—  STRENGTH 

,,  Oxalic  Acid    ...         ...          ...         ...          ...  0-0079  gm. 

,,  Potassium  Permanganate     ...         ...          ...  0-00395  gm. 

,,   Pyrogallic  Acid          ...         ...         ...          ...  0-032  gm. 

,,   Sodium  Hydroxide    ...         ...          ...          ...  0-13  gm. 

In  packages  of  1^ 

Test    Indicators 

SOLOID'    BRAND—  STRENGTH 

*Indigo-Carmine 
*Lacmoid 
*Methyl-Orange 
*Phenolphthalein 
*Rosolic  Acid 

Starch            0-5  gm. 

*  One  dissolved  in  10  c.c.  of  solvent  forms  the  Test  Indicator. 

In  tubes  of  10 


Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 
182  TRADE     MARKS  FORMULARY      OF       FINE      PRODUCTS 


'  Soloid  '  Brand  Products  for  Testing  Purposes,  ttc— continued 
Microscopic    Stains 

'SOLOID'    BRAND—  STRENGTH 

,,   Bismarck  Brown,  pure  ...  ...  ...  o-i  gm. 

,,   Borax  Methylene  Blue 

,,   Ehrlich  Triple  Stain 

,,   Eosin,  pure     ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  o-i  gm. 

,,   Eosin- Azur  (for  Giemsa  staining   with  one 

solution)     ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  0-038  gm. 

,,   Eosin-Methylene  Blue  (Louis  Jenner's  Stain)  0-05  gm. 

,,  Fuchsine  (Basic),  pure  ...         ...  ...  o-i  gm. 

,,   Gentian  Violet,  pure  ...  ...  ...  o-igm, 

,,   Gram's  Iodine  Solution         ...  ...  ...  15  c.c. 

,,   Haematoxylin  (Delafield) 

,,   Hematoxylin,  pure   ...  ...  ...  ...  o-i  gm. 

,,   Methyl  Violet,  pure  ...  ...  ...  o-i  gm. 

,,   Methylene  Blue,  pure  ...          ...         ...  o-i  gm. 

,,   Romanowsky  Stain  (Leishman's  Powder)  ...  0-015  gm. 

,,   Romanowsky  Stain  (Wright's  Modification)  0-05  gm. 

,,   Sodium  Carbonate     ...  ...  ...  ...  0-05  gm. 

,,  Thionin  Blue,  pure    ...  ...  ...  ...  o-i  gm. 

,,  Toison  Blood  Fluid 

In  tubes  of  6 
Methyl  Alcohol  (pure).     ( See  page  163^ 

Also  a  wide  range  of  other  products  isstied  under  the 
'Soloid'  Brand. 

Strophanthus   Tincture  (B.  W.  &  Co.) 

(Physiologically  standardised  in  the  Wellcotne  Physio- 
logical Research  Laboratories. ) 

Prepared  in  accordance  with  the  United  States 
Pharmacopoeia  (Eighth  Revision),  from  carefully-selected 
strophanthus  seeds. 

In  Bottles  containing  i,  4,  8  and  16  fluid  ounces. 

Strophanthus,  'Tabloid'  Brand  {see  page  21^) 

Suppositories    [see    'Enule'    Rectal     Suppositories,    pages 
152-154  ;   a)id  '  Hazeline  '  Suppositories,  page  155) 

Surgical  Dressings,  Pleated  Compressed,  '  Tabloid ' 

Brand  [see  pages  149-151) 
Syringes,  Hypodermic  and  Serum  [see  pages  155,  156) 

Pharmcuopceial  preparations  are  U.S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND       CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  183 


^i?l 'TABLOID'   BRAND   PRODUCTS 

The  word  'Tabloid'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the  supply  of 
pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should  always  be 
specified  on  prescriptions. 

'  Tabloid '  Brand  Products  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500,  with 
the  exception  of  those  put  up  in  tubes  only. 

Under  the  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  is  issued  an  immense  variety  of 
drugs  and  their  combinations,  all  prepared  from  the  purest 
ingredients.  When  using  them  the  physician  has  power 
to  administer  at  any  moment  the  exact  dose  required,  and 
that  without  any  measuring  or  weighing.  They 
keep  unchanged  in  any  climate.  Owing  to  their  doM^ge*^ 
extreme  portability,  supplies  may  be  comfortably 
carried  in  the  waistcoat-pocket,  and  doses  taken  regularly  whilst 
following  the  usual  routine  of  social,  professional  or  commercial 
life.  '  Tabloid  '  Brand  products  of  unpleasant  drugs  are  coated 
with  a  thin  film  of  white  sugar,  readily  soluble  in  the  stomach, 
while  those  intended  to  act  after  leaving  the  stomach  are 
coated  with  keratin,  soluble  only  in  the  alkaline  secretions 
of  the  intestine. 


TABLOID'    BRAND— 


Acetanilide  (see  Antifebrin  j 
Aconite,  each  containing  the 

solid  ingredients  of  Tincture 

of  Aconite,  min.  1/4 
Aconite,  each  containing  the 

solid  ingredients  of  Tincture 

of  Aconite,  min.  i  ... 
Aconite,  each  containing  the 

.solid  ingredients  of  Tincture 

of  Aconite,  min.  5  ... 
Aloes  and  Iron 

Each  product  equals  one  of  the 
U.S. P.  pilLs. 

Aloes  and  Myrrh 

Each  product  equals  one  of  the 
U.S.  P.  Pills. 


DOSE 

Issue 

oval     ' 

hots,  of 

I  frequently 

100 

I  frequently 

100 

I  to  3 

36 

I  to  2 



I  to  2 

hots,  of 


100 
100 


Pharviacopaial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 

/.--^-r^'  


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


184 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— ct^nfiMued 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

„  .\loin,  gr.  i/io  I 

„       „       gr.  1/2  I 

,,  Aloin  Compound        ...  ...      I 

5  Aloini  gr.  1/5 

Strychninae  Sulpha- 

tis gr.  I  60 

Ext.  Belladonnae  ...     gr.  1/8 
Pulv.  Ipecacuanhee      gr.  1/16 
Stomachic     and     tonic    laxative 

combination  of  especial  value 

in  chronic  constipation. 

,,  Ammoniated  Quinine  ...      I 

Each  conuins  Quinine  Sulphate 
and  Ammonium  Bicarbonate 
to  correspond  with  one  flui- 
dracbm  of  the  tincture. 

Ammonium  Bromide,  gr.  5  ...  i 

gr.  10  I 

Ammonium  Carbonate,  gr.  3  I 

Ammonium  Chloride,  gr.  3...  i 

gr.  5--  I 

gr.  10  I 
Ammonium      Chloride      and 

Borax  ...  ...  ...  I 

,,  Ammonium      Chloride      and 

Liquorice     ...  ...  ...  i 

5i  Anunonii  Chloridi...     gr.  3 
Ext.  GlycjTrhizae  ...     gr.  2 

.,   Ammonium     Chloride    Com- 
pound ...  ...  ...      I 

R  Ammonii  Chloridi...     gr.  i 

Potassii  Chloratis  ...     gr  2 

Pulv.  Cubebae        ...     gr.  1/4 

Ext.  GlycyrrhLzae  ...     gr.  i 

,.  Ammonium  Hippurate,  gr.  i       i 

,,  Antifebrin  (Acetanilide),  gr.  2     i 


gr-  5 


Antifebrin  Compound 
R  Acetanilidi      (Anti- 

febrini)     ...  ..     gr. 

Camphorae      Mono- 
bromatae  ...         ...     gr. 

Caffeinae  Citratis  ...     gr. 


Issue 
oval 

DOSE 

hots,  of 

frequently 

\QO 

to  4 

25 

to  2  after 

50 

meals,  or 

■  \'\      V'-.«j 

I  to  3  at 

,-<,\ 

bed-time 

25 

to  6 

to  3 

to  3 

to  6 

25 

to  4 

— 

to  2 



as  required 

— 

as  required 

25 

as  required 

25 

or  more 

- 

to  2 

25 

(in  special 

cases) 

25 

— 

bots.  of 


lOO 
100 


100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 

100 


100 
100 


100 
100 


Pharmcuopceial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write 
Brand 
fuU, 


Li:     ^^       qJcM^ 


ISSUED       BY       B. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


185 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DOSE 

bots.  of 

,,  Antimony  Compound  Pill 

100 

(Plummer  Pill)  N.F.,  gr.  4 

I  to  2 

25 

Each    contains    approximately : 

Sulphurated  Antimony,  gr.  i  ; 

Mild  Mercurous Chloride,  gr. i ; 

Guaiac,  gr.  2. 

, ,  Antimony  and  Potassium  Tartrate 

(Tartar  Emetic),  gr.  1/50... 

I  to  3 

100 

,,  Antipyrine  (Phenazone), 

100 

gr.  2-1/2 

I  to  4  or  more 

25 

„     gr.  5 

I  to  4 

25 

100 

,,  Antipyrine  Compound 

I  to  4 

25 

100 

^  Antipyrini 

(Phenazoni)     ...     gr.  3 

Caffeinae      gr.  i 

Pure     in    content,    accurate    in 

dosage,  quick  to  disintegrate. 

,,   '  Aol' r^^^^^^^^^^'^.',  0-3  gm., 

(Capsule),    a    derivative    of 

Santalum  albti/>i,hoyies  of  50 

2  or  more 

,,   Apomorphine  Compound 

I  as  required 

25 

]00 

5;  Apomorphinae 

Hydrochloridi     gr.  1/50 

Ammonii  Chloridi       gr.  3 

Ext.  Glycyrrhizae        gr.  1-1/2 

,,   Apomorphine    Hydrochloride, 

gr-  1/50         

a  to  3  (expec- 
torant ) 

50 

,,  Arsenic  Trioxide 

(Arsenous  Acid), 

gr.  i/ioo    ... 

I  to  6 

100 

— 

„     gr.  1/50      ... 

I  to  3 

100 

— 

,,     gr.  1/20      ... 

I 

100 

— 

,,  Arsenical  Compound 

I   to  2 

— 

100 

'^  Arseni  Trioxidi    ...     gr.  i/ioo 

Ferri  Sulphatis 

Exsiccati    gr.  i 

Calcii  Sulphidi      ...     gr.  1/4 

Ext.  Gentianse      ...     gr.  2 

,,  Arsenous    Iodide    and     Mer- 

curic Iodide 

I  to  4 



100 

One   represents   min.    5   of  Liq. 

Ar.seni    et    Hydrargyri    lodidi 

(Donovan     Solution)    contain- 

ing   Arsenous    and     Mercuric 

Iodides,     of     each     gr.     1/21 

(approx.) 

Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


iJa^M^-iy^^ 


186 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— co«/'/«m^'</ 
'TABLOID'    BRAND—  DO< 

,,  Asafetida   and    Opium    Com- 
pound ...  ...  ...      I  to  2 

B;  Asafoetidae, 
Camphorae, 
Pulv.  Opii, 
Pulv.  Piperis  Xigri     aa  gr.  i 

.,   'Aspirin,'  gr.  5  i  to  5 

,,  Atropine  Sulphate, 

0-0005  gn^-  (gr-  1/130)     I 


B 

Belladonna  Extract,  each  con- 
taining the  solid  ingredients 
of  Tincture    of   Belladonna 
Leaves...  ...  min.  I 

Belladonna  Extract,  each  con- 
taining the  solid  ingredients 
of  Tincture   of  Belladonna 
Leaves...          ...  min.  5     i  to  3 

Benzoic  Acid,  gr.  5    . . .          ...      i  to  3 

Benzonaphthol,  gr.  5  ...      i  to  2 

Betanaphthol,  gr.  3  . . .  ...     i  to  3 

Betanaphthol  Compound      ...      I  to  4 
5  Betanaphtholis       ...     gr.  i 
Carbonis  Ligni       ...     gr.  4 
01.  Menthae 

Piperitae  ...     min.  1/2 
Bismuth  and  Dover  Powder         i  to  6 
5(  Bismuthi 

Subnitratis  ...     gr.  2-1/2 
Pulv.    Ipecacuanhae 

et  Opii     ...     gr.  2-1/2 

Bismuth  and  Soda      i  to  4  or  more 

]J  Bismuthi 

Subnitratis...     gr.  2-1/2 
Sodii  Bicarbonatis      gr.  2-1/2 
Bismuth,  Rhubarb  and  Soda. . .      i  to  4 
^  Bismuthi 

Subnitratis  ...     gr.  ^ 

Pulv.  Rhei gr.  I 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis       gr.  2 
Pleasant  and  easy  to  take.     By 
its    use   the   unpleasantness  of 
the  ordinary-  nauseous  mixture 
is  avoided. 


I    oval 
Ibots-of 


Issued  in 
bots.  of 


25 
25 


I  frequently  1   100 


48 


25 


100 
100 
100 
100 

100 


PharmcuopoEial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


■Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


^^C<^-  — 


ISSUED       BY      B. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  lg7 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— coniinued 
'TABLOID'    BRAND—                               DOSE 

Issu* 

oval 
bots.  of 

;d  in 

bots.  of 

,,   Bismuth  Subcarbonate,  gr.    5 

I  to  4 

25 

100 

,,   Bismuth  Subgallate,  gr.  5     ... 

I  to  4 

25 

100 

,,   Bismuth  Subnitrate,  gr.  5     ... 

I  to  4 

25 

100 

gr-  10  ... 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

,,  Bismuth  Subsalicylate  (/'/Jj'j/c'- 
logically  Pure),  gr.  5 

I  to  4 



100 

,,   Blaud(Pil.  Ferrugin.),  gr.  5  ... 

I  to  3 

— 

100 

„       „                   „           gr-  10... 

I   to  2 

— 

100 

Permanently      representing      20 
per    cent,    of    ferrous     carbo- 
nate. 

,,   Blaud  Pill  and  Aloin 

I  to  4 

— 

100 

]^  Pil.  Ferrugin. 

(Blaud)     ...     gr.  5 
(=  20  %  Ferri  Carbonatis) 

Aloini          gr.  1/20 

,,   Blaud  Pill  and  Arsenic 

I  to  4 

— 

100 

5(  Pil.  Ferrugin. 

(Blaud)     ...     gr.  5 
(=  20  %  Ferri  Carbonatis) 
Arseni  Trioxidi      ...     gr.  1/64 

,,   Blaud      Pill,      Arsenic      and 

Strychnine              

I  to  4 

— 

100 

5;  Pil.  Ferrugin. 

(Blaud)...     gr.  5 
{-  20%  Ferri  Carbonatis) 
Arseni  Trioxidi      ...     gr.  i/ioo 
Strychninaj gr.  i/ioo 

,,  Blaud  Pill  and  Cascara 

I    increased 

— 

100 

B;  Pil.  Ferrugin. 

(Blaud)...     gr.  5 
(=  20  %  Ferri  Carbonatis) 
Ext.  Cascarae 

Sagradae      ...     gr.  1/2 

to  4 

,,   Blaud  Pill  Compound 

I 

— 

100 

B  Pil.  Ferrugin. 

(Blaud)...     gr.  10 
(=  20  %  Ferri  Caibonatis) 
Puly.  Capsici          ...     gr.  1/4 
Aloini           ...         ...     gr.  1/30 

Strychninae...         ...     gr.  1/30 

Arseni  Trioxidi      ...     gr.  1/30 

Phar/naropoeial  preparations  a7-e  U.S. P.  vnless  otherwise  stated 
^Ct/^ioi/oL'       —       —       — 


REMEMBER     THE 
188  TRADE     MARK3 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


*  Tabloid  '  Brand  Products— conhnuet/ 

Issued  in 

'TABLOID'    BRAND- 

DOSE 

oval 
bots.  of 

bots.  of 

.,  Blaud  Pill,  Nux  Vomica  and 

Cascara       

I  to  4 



100 

5;  Pil,  Ferrugin. 

(Blaud)...     gr.  3 

(=  20  %  Ferri  Carbonatis) 

Ext.  Nucis  Vomicae    gr.  i/io 

Ext.    Cascarae 

Sagradae     gr.  i 

,,   Blue  Pill,  gr.  4           

I  to  2 

25 

100 

Each  contains  gr.   1-1/3  of  pure 

Metallic  Mercurj-. 

„  Blue  Pill  and  Rhubarb  Com- 

pound            

I  to  2 

— 

100 

5  Pil-  HvdrargjTi        ...     gr.  2-1/2 

Pil.  RheiComp.       ...     gr.  2-1/2 

.,  Blue     Pill,      Colocynth     and 

Hyoscyamus            

I  to  2 

25 

100 

E  Pil.  Hydrarg^TJ        ...     gr.  2 

Pil.   Coloc\-nthidis  et 

Hyoscyami           ...     gr.  4 

,,   Blue  Pill,  Squill  and  Digitalis 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

^  Pil.  Hydrargyri        ...     gr.  i 

Pulv.  Scillae              ...     gr.  1-1/2 

Pulv.  Digitalis         ...     gr.  i 

.,  BoneMedulla,gr.  5,  (Capsule). 

boxes  of  50 

I  or  more 

— 

— 

,,  Borax  (Sodium  Borate),  gr.  5 

I  to  4  or  more 

25 

100 

,,   Boric  Acid,  gr.  5        

I  to  3 

100 

,,  Bromides      Compound       {see 

Sodium  Bromide  Compound) 

..   But}-1- Chloral     Hydrate     and 

Gelsemine    ... 

I 

— 

100 

5  Butyl-Chloral 

Hydratis...     gr.  3 

Gelseminae 

Hydrochloridi    ...     gr.  1/200 

c 

,,  Cachets— 

,,      Antipyrine,  gr.  5, 

boxes  of  6 

I  to  2 

— 

— 

,,      Quinine  Sulphate, 

gr.  5,  boxes  of  6     i  to  2 
,,  Caffeine,  Citrated,  gr.  2         ...      i  or  more  —  100 

Pharmacopoeial  preparations  a7-e  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  ii 
full,  thus 


:   J(j(     J  cd'LouL 


ISSUED       BY       B. 


AND       CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


189 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 
■TABLOID'    BRAND—  DOSE 

,,   Caffeine  Compound  {see  Anti- 

pyrine  Compound, /a^.?  185) 
.,  Calcium  Carbonate  Compound     i  to  4  before 
5:  Calcii  Carb.  Praecip.      gr.  3-1/2 

Mag.  Carb.  Pond.  gr.  2-1/2 

Bismuthi  Subcarb.  gr.  2 

,,  Calcium  Iodo-ricinoleate,gr.  3, 

(Capsule),  boxes  of  50 
,,  Calcium  Lactate,  gr.  5  ...      i  to 

,,  Calcium  Sulphide,  gr.  i/io  i 


meals,  or  I 
occa.sionally 

I  to  ^ 


to    4 
more 

I  to  4 

I  to  2 

I 


Issued  in 

oval     I  bots.  of 
bots.  of ! 


25 


25  100 

100  — 


-   I 


100 
100 


100 
100 


gr-  1/4 
gr.  1/2 
gr.  I 
Calomel      (Hydrarg.      Chi  or. 
Mit.),    gr.     i/io,    gr.     1/6, 
gr.  1/4  and  gr.  1/2...  ...      I  repeated 

gr.  I  I  to  5 

gr.  2  1  to  3 

,,         gr.  3  I  to  2 

gr.  5  ...  ...      I 

Prepared    with     pure    sublimed 
English  Mercurous  Chloride. 

Calomel  and   Creosote  ...      i  to  5 

R  Hydrargyri  Chloridi 

Mitis  gr.  1/6 

Creosoti        min.  i 

Calomel  and  Jalap      ...  ...      i  to  4 

5;  Hydrargyri  Chloridi  { 

Mitis          gr.  I  I 

Pulv.  Jalapae          ...     gr.  2  1 

Calomel  and  Piperine,  of  each  1 

gr.  1/2  ...         ...          ...     I  repeated  — 

Calomel,  gr.  1/4,  and  Sodium 

Bicarbonate,  gr.  i  . . .  ...      i  or  more  25 

Calomel,  gr,  1/2,  and  Sodium 

Bicarbonate,  gr.  2-1/2        ...     i  or  more  25 

Calomel,  gr.    i,   and   Sodium 

Bicarbonate,  gr.  5  . . .  ...      i  or  more  25 


Pharmacopceial  preparafions  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 
/ ,^.~^'  


100 
100 
100 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


190 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY   OF   FINE   PRODUCTS 


'  Tabloid '  Brand  Products—coniinuet/ 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,  Camphorated  Opium,  each 
containing  the  solid  ingre- 
dients of  Camphorated  Tinc- 
ture of  Opium  (Paregoric), 
min,  2 

,,  Camphorated  Opium,  each 
containing  the  sohd  ingre- 
dients of  Camphorated  Tinc- 
ture of  Opium  (Paregoric), 
min.  5  

,,  Camphorated  Opium,  each 
containing  the  soHd  ingre- 
dients of  Camphorated  Tinc- 
ture of  Opium  (Paregoric), 
min.  15         

,,  Cane  Sugar,  gr.  3      

,,  Cannabis  Indica.  fSeelndian 
Cannabis  Extract^ 

,,  Capsicum,  each  containing  the 
sohd  ingredients  of  Tincture 
of  Capsicum,  min.  i 

,,  Capsicum,  each  containing  the 
solid  ingredients  of  Tincture 
of  Capsicum,  min.  5 

,,  Capsules— 

(See '  Ao\,' /a£-e  185  ;  Bone  Medulla. 


Issued  in 

oval    I  bots.  of 
bots.  of 


I  frequently     100 


I  frequently 


I  to  4 


I  to  3  or  morei 


/ag'e  188 ;  Calcium  lodo-ricino- 
leate,  /a^e  189 ;  Carbolic  Acid. 
belovD  ;  Castor  Oil,  page  igi  ; 
Juniper  Oil,  page  201  ;  Phenol 
and  Menthol  Compound,  page 
208  ;  Sandal  Wood  Oil,  page  212  ; 
Terebene,  page  215  ;  Turpentine 
Oil,  Rectified, /«^^  217.) 

Carbolic  Acid  (Phenol),  gr.  1/4 
{for  the  throat) 

Carbolic  Acid  (Phenol),  gr.  1/2 
{for  the  throat) 

Carbolic  Acid  (Phenol),  gr.  i, 
(Capsule),  boxes  of  24 


I  as  required 
I  as  required! 


48 


36 


100 


ICX5 
100 


I  frequently  i   loo 


25 


Pharmacopoeial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


W^rite  the 
Brand 
full,  thus 


=    y\L      ^eMr£^ 


ISSUED      BY 


W.       AND      CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


191 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,  Carbolic  Acid,  gr.    1/2,  with 


Issued  in 

oval     I  bots.  of 
bots.  of  I 


Slippery  Elm,  bottles  of  25 . . .  i  occasionally] 

Carlsbad    Salt,    Effei-vescent,  I  or  more  as| 

Artificial,  N.F.,  tubes  of  25  desired       1 

Cascara  Sagrada  ( Dry  Extract ) ,  ! 

gr-  2 


gr-  4 
gr.  5 
The  unilorm  reliability  of 
'  Tabloid '  Cascara  Sagrada 
has  established  for  it  the 
premier  position  in  the  esti- 
mation of  physicians  through- 
out the  world. 

Cascara  Compound    ... 


5  Ext. 

Cascarae 

Sagradae 

gr. 

I 

Ext. 

Euonymi 

gr. 

1/2 

Iridini           

gr. 

1/2 

Ext. 

Nucis  Vomicae 

gr. 

1/16 

Ext. 

Hyoscyami 

Viridis... 

gr. 

1/3 

Cascara  and  Gentian 

Compound 

^   Ext 

Cascarae 

Sagradae 

gr. 

2 

Ext. 

Nucis  Vomicae 

gr. 

1/5 

Ext. 

Belladonnas   ... 

gr- 

i/io 

Ext. 

Gentianae 

gr. 

I 

Capsicini      

gr. 

i/io 

Castor  Oil,  min,  5,  (Capsule), 
boxes  of  50 

Cathartic  Compound... 

IJ    Ext.     Colocynthidis 

Comp.  gr.  1-1/3 
Hydrargyri  Chloridi 

Mitis  gr.  1 

Ext.  Jalapae  ...  gr.  i 

Pulv.  Cambogiae    ...  gr.  1/4 

A  cathartic  compound  of  excep- 
tional purity  of  ingredients  and 
of  proved  reliability. 


I  or  more 

I  to  4 

I  to  3 

I  to  2 

r  as  required 


I  to  4 


I  to  3 


I  or  more 
I  to  2 


25 


100 
100 
100 
100 

ICX3 


25 


25 


Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  ttnless  otherxvise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


192 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


FORMULARY   OF   FINE   PRODUCTS 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— coniinu^^/ 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,  Cerebrin,  gr.  5 

.,  Cerium  Oxalate,  gr.  5 

..  Charcoal  (Pure  Willow),  gr.  5, 
bottles  of  40 

..   Chloralformamide    (Chloral- 
amide),  gr.  5 

.,  Chloral,  Hydrated,  gr.  5 

gr-  10  ••• 
.,  Chocolate,  gr.  60,  boxes  of  12 
,,  Cinchona,  each  containing 
the     solid     ingredients     of 


DOSE  I 

I  or  more 
I  to  2 

I  or  more  as 
required 

^  to  6 


Issued  in 

oval    I  bots.  of 
bots.  of' 

—  100 

—  ICO 

—  100 


100 
100 
100 


Tincture       of       Cinchona, 
min.  30 
Citric  Acid,  gr.  5 
Cocaine     Hydrochloride     {see 

'  Soloid '  Brand  products) 
Cocaine  Co.    with   Potassium 
Chlorate     and     Borax     (see 
Voice,  pag-e  218) 
Cocoa,  gr.  60,  boxes  of  12    ... 
Codeine,  gr.  1/4 

gr-  1/2         

Codeine    and    Benzoic    Acid 

Compound  ... 
^   Cocainae 

Hydrochloridi    ...     gr.  1/40 

Codeinae      gr.  i/io 

Acidi  Benzoici        ...     gr.  1/2 

Mentholis    gr, 

Pulv.  Ipecacuanhae      gr. 


I  to  2 
I  to  4 


I  to  4  or  more      25 
I  to  4  25 

I  as  required      25 


I/IO 

t/io 

I/I6 


01.  Menthae  Piperitae  min. 
Gummi  Rubri        ...     ^.s. 
Highly  efficient  in  the  irritating 
cough  of  pharjTigitis,  etc. 

,.   Codeine    and    Benzoic    Acid 

Compound,  without  Cocaine    i  as  required'     25 
Differs  from   foregoing  only    in 
that  no  Cocaine  is  added. 

.,  Codeine  and  Nux  Vomica     ...     i  to  2  25 

I 
1/4 


E   Codeinae  Phosphatis    gr. 
Ext.  Nucis  Vomicae     gr. 


100 
100 


100 
100 


Pharmacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  tailess  otherwise  stated 


Ik^' 


ISSUED   BY   B.   W.   AND   CO. 


REMEMBER  THE 
TRADE   MARKS 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DOSE 

bots.  of 

„   'Cofifee-Mint'             

I  to  4  or  more 

25 

100 

5;   Sodii  Bicarbonatis...     gr.  3 

Ammonii 

Bicarbonatis    gr.  1/16 

Ext.  Coffeae            ...     gr.  1/2 

Cerii  Oxalatis         ...     gr.  1/4 

Ol.MenthaePiperitae    ^.s. 

Diffusible    stimulant,    especially 

valuable    in  flatulence,  in  the 

nausea    associated    with    liver 

disorder,  and  in   the  vomiting 

of  pregnancy. 

„  Colchicine  Salicylate,  gr.  1/32 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

,,  Colocynth    and    Hyoscyamus, 

N.F.  Pill     

I  to  2 

— 

100 

Each   product  equals  one  of  the 

N.F.  pills. 

,,  Colocynth    Compound,    N.F. 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

Each  product  equals  one  of  the 

N.F.  pills. 

,,  Corrosive       Sublimate        {see 

Hydrarg.   Perchlor., 

page  198) 

„  Cotarnine     Hydrochloride, 

gr.  3/4,  bottles  of  25 

I  to  3 

— 

— 

,,  Cubeb  and  Belladonna,  EJ^er- 

vescent          

I  as  required 

— 

100 

?!    Pulv.  Cubebae        ...     gr.  1/2 

Ext.  Belladonnae   ...     gr.  1/20 

,,  Cubeb  Compound       

I  as  required 

25 

100 

^   Oleo-resinae  Cubebae     gr.  1/4 

Ammonii  Chloridi...     gr.  1/2 

Glycyrrhizini          ...     gr.  1/4 

0 

,,   Dentifrice 



100 

,,  Didymin      (Testicular      Sub- 

I increased 

stance),  gr.  5            

to  4 

— 

100 

,,  Digitalin     (Amorphous),     gr. 

i/ioo            

I  to  3 

50 

— 

,,  Digitalis,  each  containing  the 

solid  ingredients  of  Tincture 

of  Digitalis,  min.  I 

I  frequently 

100 

— 

Phartnacopceial  preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


-:yaM/>(^ 


194 


REHEySER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY   OF   FINE   FKODUCTS 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products — continued 
'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

.,  Digitalis,  each  containing  the 
solid  ingredients  of  Tincture 
of  Digitalis,  min.  5  ...      i 

,,  Donovan  Solution  {^see  Arsen- 
ous  Iodide  and  Mercuric 
Iodide) 

.,  Dover  Powder  {sec  Ipecac  and 
Opium  Powder) 


DOSE 


Issued  in 

oval     I  bots.  of 
bets,  of 


48 


Easton  Syrup  {see  Phosphates 
of  Iron,  Quinine  and  Strjch- 
nine) 
Effervescent       Products, 
See    Carlsbad    Salt,    page    191  ; 
Cubeb   and    Belladonna,  page 
IQ3 ;     Kissingen     Salt,     page 
20I  ;    Lithium    Citrate,    page 
202 ;     Lithium      Citrate     and 
Urotropine,  page   202  ;    Mag- 
nesium    Citrate,    page     203  ; 
Magnesium     Sulphate,     page 
203  ;       Magnesium      Sulphate 
Compound,  page  203  ;  Pipera- 
■n-n(t,page  2o3  :  Quinine  Bisul- 
phate  and  Potassium  Citrate, 
page  210  :    Seltzer    Salt,   page 
213  ;  Sodium  Phosphate,  page 
14 :  Sodium   Sulphate,    page 


214  ;    Sodium   Sulphate    Com- 

pound,    page      214  :      Three 

Bromides,  page     216  ;    Vichy 

Salts, /ofir  217. 

Elaterin,  gr.  1/40       

I  to  4 

25 

— 

Ergot  Extract  (Ergotin),  gr.  I 

I  to  4  or  more 

— 

100 

gr.  2 

I  to  4 

— 

100 

gr.  3 

I  to  3 

— 

100 

Ergotin  and  Strvchnine 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

B  E.xt.  Ergotae 

(Ergotini)     gr.  3 
Strj-chninaeSulphatis   gr.  i  30 

Erythrol  Tetranitrate  (Tetra- 
nitrin),  gr.  1/4,  tubes  of  25... 

Erythrol  Tetranitrate  (Tetra- 
nitrin),  gr.  1/2 


to  4 


25  — 


Fharmaeopceial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 

-Ai'      J  ediouL     


Write  the 
Brand  in 
fiill,  thus: 


ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND       CO. 

TRADE     MARKS                     195 

'Tabloid*  Brand  Products— continued 
'TABLOID'    BRAND—                               DOSE 

Issued  in 

oval     1  bots.  of 
bots.  of  1 

,,   Erythrol    Tetranitrate  (Tetra- 

nitrin),  gr,  I             

,,   Euonymus    Extract     (Euony- 
min),  gr.  i/8            

I  to  4  or  more 

12 

50 

— 

,,   Euonymus    Extract     (Euony- 
min)  gr.  1/2             

I  to  4 

50 



,,   Exalgin,  gr.  2             

I  to  2 

— 

100 

Fellis  Bovis  Purificati  {see  Ox 

Bile,  page  206) 
Fellis    Porcini    Purificati    {see 

Pig  Bile,  page  208) 
Ferric  Chloride,  gr.  I -1/4  ... 
Each  represents  the  amount  of 
Ferric  Chloride  contained  in 
min.  loof  Tinct.  FerriChloridi. 
This  product  contains  a  small 
quantity  of  ammonium  chloride 
as  a  vehicle. 

Ferric  Chloride  and  Arsenic... 
Iji  FerriChloridi         ...     gr.  1-1/4 
(  =  Tinct.  Ferri 

Chloridi,  min.  10) 
Arseni  Trioxidi       ...     gr.  1/30 

Ferri    Reducti    {see    Reduced 

Iron,  page  211) 
Ferri  Sulphatis  Exsiccati  {see 

Iron  Sulphate,  dried, page  200) 
Ferruginous   {see    Blaud    Pill 

and  combinations,  page  187) 
Ferrum  {see  Iron,  page  200) 
'  Forced    March  '    {see    Kola 

Compound,  page  201) 


Ginger,  each  containing  the 
solid  ingredients  of  Essence 
of  Ginger  (i  in  2),  min.  5  ...     i  to  4 


48 


Pharmaceutical  preparations  are  U.S.  P.  unless  otheinjuise  stated 

/  .^M.-^' —    —    — 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


196 


REMEMBER  THE 
TRADE  MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— coniinueei 
TABLOID'    BRAND—  DO; 

,,   Ginger,    each    containing   the 
solid  ingredients  of  Essence 
of  Ginger  (i  in  2),  min.  10        I  to  2 
,,  Glycerophosphates  Compound, 

dr.  1/2  I  to  8 

Each  presents  the  amount  of 
calcium,  sodium,  potassium, 
magnesium  and  iron  glycero- 
phosphates, with  strychnine 
glycerophosphate,  gr.  1/800, 
pepsin,  diastase  and  kola,  con- 
tained in  1/2  fluidrachm  of 
Syrup  of  Glycerophosphates. 
Presents  phosphorus  in  the  or- 
ganic condition  in  which  it  is 
found  in  the  system. 

,,  Glyceryl  Trinitrate  {see 

Trinitrin,  />age  217) 
,,  Granulated  Opium  (see 

Opium,  Granulated, /a^^  206) 
,,  Green   Dye,   Aniline,   gr.    30, 

tubes  of  12 
,,  Gregory  Powder  {see  Rhubarb 

Compound  Powder,  page  212) 
,,  Grey  Powder 

(Hydrarg.  cum  Creta) 


Issued  in 

oval     (  hots,  of 
bots.  of 


gr-  1/4 

I  repeated 

100 

— 

gr-  1/3 

I                     5. 

100 

— 

gr.  1/2 

I 

100 

— 

gr.  I    . 

I  to  5 

100 

— 

gr.  2    . 

I  to  3 

— 

100 

gr.  3    •■ 

I   to  2 

— 

ICX) 

gr-  5 

The  '  Tabloid  '  products  contain 
38  per  cent,   of  pure   metallic 
mercury. 

Grey     Powder     and     Dover 

I 

100 

Powder,  of  each  gr. 

1/2    ... 

I  to  5  or  more 

— 

100 

Grey     Powder     and 

Dover 

Powder,  of  each  gr. 

I 

I  to  5 

— 

100 

Pharmacopoeial  preparations  are  U.  S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus 


\  yy,    QycoHr£^ 


ISSUED       BY 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


197 


DOSE 
I  to  5 


I  to  3 


*  Tabloid '  Brand  Products— continued 
'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,  Grey  Powder  and  Opium 
^  Hydrarg.  cum  Creta    gr.  i 
Pulveris  Opii         ...     gr.  i/6 
,,  Grey     Powder,    Opium     and 
Quinine 
g;  Extract!  Opii         ...     gr.  i/6 
Hydrargyri  cum 

Creta        gr.  1-1/2 
Quininae  Sulphatis       gr.  1-1/2 
,,  Grey    Powder,    gr.    1/2,    and 
Sodium  Bicarbonate, 

gr.  2-1/2     I  repeated 
,,  Grey     Powder,     gr.     i,    and 
Sodium  Bicarbonate,  gr.    5 
,,  Guaiac,  gr.  5  ... 
,,   Guaiac    and     Quinine     Com- 
pound 

;^!   Guaiaci  gr.  2 

Sulphuris     gr.  2 

Quininae  Salicylatis     gr.  1/2 

,,  Guaiac  and  Sulphur  ... 
IJ;   Guaiaci         ...         ...     gr.  3 

Sulphuris 

Praecipitati    gr.  3 
,,   Guaiacol   Camphorate,    gr.    5 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


100 


—  100 


I  to  5 
I  to  3 

I  to  4 


I  to  4 


100 
100 


Guaiacol  Carbonate,  gr.  5     ... 
H 

ria;moglobin,  gr.  5    ... 
Heroin  Hydrochloride,  gr.  1/25 
gr.  i/io 
Hydrarg.      et    Colocynth     et 
Hyoscy  {see  Blue  Pill,  Colo- 
cynth   and     Hyoscyamu.s, 
/>a^e  189). 
Hydrargyri  Chloridi  Mitis  and 
combinations  {see  Calomel 
and  combinations, /a§^'  189) 
Plydrarg.   c.   Creta  and  com- 
binations {see  Grey  Powder 
and  combinations) 


I  to  2 

increased 
I  to  2 


I  or  more 
I  to  4 

I 


25 


100 

100 


100 
100 

ICXD 


Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherzuise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


198 


REMEM8ER  THE 
TRADE   MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


continued 


Tabloid '  Brand  Products 

TABLOID'    BRAND —  DOSE 

,,   Hydrarg.  lodid.  Flav.,gr.  i/8  1  to  4 

,,   Hydrarg.  lodid.  Rubr.,gr.  1/20  I 

5.  >>  „         „      gr-  1/16  I 

,,  Hydrarg.  lodid.  Virid. ,  gr.  1/8 


I  to  4 
increased 


Hydrarg)Ti  Perchloridi  (Mer- 
curic Chloride),  gr.  i/ioo 

Hydrarg}Ti  Perchloridi  (Mer- 
curic Chloride),  gr.  1/16     ... 

Hydrarg.  Perchloridi,  gr.  1/32, 
et  Potassii  lodidi,   gr.  2-1/2 

Hydrarg.  Perchloridi,  gr.  1/16, 
et  Potass.  lodid.,  gr.  5 

Hydrastine  Compound 

5   Cannabinze  Tannatis    gr.  1/2 
Hydrastinae 

Hydrochloridi    gr.  1/4 
Ext.  Ergotae 

(Ergotini)    gr.  1/2 

Hydrastine  Compound  and 
Cotamine  Hydrochloride  ... 

JJ  Cannabinae  Tannatis  gr.  1/2 
Cotarninae 

Hydrochloridi  gr.  1/4 
Hydrastinae 

Hydrochloridi   gr.  1/4 
Ext.  Ergotae 

(Ergotini)    gr.  1/2 

Hydrastine        Hydrochloride, 

gr-  1/4  •••  '       

Hydra  ted  Chloral  {sce  Chloral, 

Hydrated,  /a^t'  192) 
Hyoscyamus,  each  containing 

the      solid     ingredients     of 

Tincture     of    Hyoscyamus, 

min.  10 
Hypodermic  Products 

(see  pages  157- 161; 


I  to  2 

I 

I  to  3 
repeated 


I  to  3 
repeated 


Issued  in 

oval     I  bots.  of 
bots.ofl 

25  100 

50  — 

50  — 

50  — 


I  to  4  or  more     ICX) 


100     I     — 


ICXD 
100 


I  to  4 
repeated 


I  to  4  or  morei     36 


PharnKuopaial pfeparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


"Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


^j^^- 


ISSUED       BY 


R€MEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


199 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— confhmed 
TABLOID'    BRAND—  DOSE 

,,   Hypophosphites     Compound, 

gr.  1-1/2       I  to  2 

Each  contains  Calcium,  Potas- 
sium, Sodium,  Manganese,  Iron 
and  Quinine  Hypophosphites, 
with  gr.  1/128  of  Strychnine 
Hypophosphite. 

,,  Hypophosphites     Compound, 

gr-S--.        I 

Containing  gr.  1/64  of  Strychnine 
Hypophosphite. 
,,  Hypophosphites      Compound 
and  Creosote  ...         ...      i 

Each  contains  :  Creosote,  min.  i, 
and  gr.  3  of  the  combined 
Hypophosphites  of  Calcium, 
Sodium,  Potassium,  Man- 
ganese, Iron  and  Quinine,  with 
gr.  1/64  of  Strychnine  Hypo- 
phosphite. 

I 

,,   Ichthyol,  gr.  2-1/2     I  to  4 

,,  Indian  Cannabis  Extract, 
each  containing  Extract 
equivalent  to  Tincture  of 
Indian  Cannabis,  min.  5  ...      i  to  3 

,,   Ipecac  Powder,  gr.  i/io       ...      I  frequently 
,,        gr.  5  ...      I  every  hour 

,,   Ipecac    deprived    of    its 

Emetic  Principles,  gr.  5    ...      it0  4ormore 

,,  Ipecac  with  Antimony  and 
Potassium  Tartrate,  of 
each  gr.  i/ioo         ...         ...     i  frequently 

,,  Ipecac  Extract,  each  contain- 
ing the  solid  ingredients  of 
Wine  of  Ipecac,  min.  5     ...      i  to  3  (expec- 

,,   Ipecac    and    Opium    Powder  ioant) 

(Dover  Powder),  gr.  1/4    ...      i  frequently 

Each     contains      Opium     and 
Ipecac,  of  each  gr.  1/40 

,,   Ipecac   with    Opium    Powder 

(Dover  Powder),  gr.  5       ...      i  to  3 
Each  contains  Opium  and  Ipecac, 
of  each  gr.  1/2 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


25 


25 


25 


48 
100 


ICX) 


50 
100 

25 


100 
100 
100 


rharviacof-ccial preparations  are  U.S. P.   unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


/ 


ciMauO    —    —     — 


REMEMBER  THE 
200       TRADE  MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF       FINE      PRODUCTS 


Tabloid  '  Brand  Products — continued 

Issued  in 

♦TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DOSE 

oval 
hots,  of 

bots.of 

,,   Ipecac  with  Squill      

I  to  2 



ICX3 

Each    contains     approximately : 

Ipecac  and  Opium,  of  each  gr. 

1/5,       Powdered      Squill     and 

Powdered      Ammoniacum,    of 

each  gr.  2/3 

, ,   Iridin  Compound       

I  to  2 

25 

100 

^   Iridini gr.  2 

Ext.  Hyoscyanii 

Viridis    gr.  1/2 

Pil.  Rhei  Comp.       ...     gr.  1-1/2 

,,  Iron  and  Arsenic  Compound 

I  to  3 

— 

100 

5   Ferri  H>-pophosphitis    gr.  2 

Quininse  Bisulphatis      gr.  i 

Arseni  Trioxidi         ...     gr.  1/50 

Strychninae  Sulphatis    gr.  1/50 

Tonic,  stimulant,  haematinic  and 

alterative. 

,,   Iron,  Arsenic  and  Digitalin  ... 

I  to  3 

25 

100 

?!    Ferri  Phosphatis 

Solubilis    gr.  3 

Arseni  Trio.xidi         ...     gr.  i/ioo 

Digitalini  (Amorph.)     gr.  i/ioo 

,,   Iron  Carbonate,  Saccharated, 

gr-  5 

I  to  6 

— 

100 

,,  Iron  Glycerophosphate,  gr.  3 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

,,   Iron  Phosphate  with  Quinine 

and    Strychnine   {see   Phos- 

phates of  Iron,  Quinine  and 

Strychnine, /a^<?  208) 

,,   Iron  Pill  {see  Blaud,  page  187) 

,,   Iron,  Quinine  and  Strychnine 

Phosphates  {see  Phosphates 

of  Iron,  Quinine  and  Strych- 

nine, page  208) 

, ,    Iron  and  Quinine  Citrate,  gr.  3 

I  to  3 

25 

100 

,,  Iron,    Reduced   {see   Reduced 

Iron) 

,,  Iron    and    Strychnine    Phos- 

phates            

I 

25 

100 

5   Ferri  Phosphatis 

Solubilis    gr.  i 

Strychninae  Phosphatis    gr.  1/32 

,,  Iron  Sulphate,  Dried,  gr,  3... 

I 

— 

100 

,,   Iron  Valerate,  gr.  I 

I  or  more 

— 

ICX) 

Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


U  cU'UmA.  


ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND      CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


201 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

J 

,,  Jalap,  gr.  5      

DOSE 

oval 
bots.  of 

bots.  of 

I  to  4 

_ 

ICX) 

,,  Juniper  Oil,  min.  3,  (Capsule), 

boxes  of  50 

I 

— 

— 

K 

,,   KinoCompoundPo\vder,N.F., 

gr.  5 

I  to  4 

— 

100 

Each  contains  :  Kino,  gr.  3-3/4  ; 

Opium,  gr.  1/4  ;  and  Cinnamon, 
gr.  I. 

,,   Kissingen    Salt.    Effe7-ve scent. 

Artificial,  N.F,, 

tubes  of  25 

I  or  more 
as  required 

— 

,,   Kola     Compound     (formerly 

knowti  as  '  Tabloid  '  '  Forced 

March  ' ),  bottles  of  25 

r  every  hour, 

— 

100 

Contains    the    combined    active 

if  required 

principles   of    Kola    Nut    and 

Coca  Leaves. 

,,   Krameria  and  Cocaine 

I  occasionally 

25 

100 

5:  Cocainae 

Hydrochloridi    gr.  1/20 

Ext.  Krameriae       ...     gr.  i 

Laudanum  {see  Opium,  Granu- 
lated, page  206) 
Laxative  Vegetable    ... 
]^  Ext.     Colocynthidis 
Comp. 
Ext.  Jalapae 
Resin«  Podophyl 
Leptandrini... 
Ext.  Hyoscyami 
Viridis 
Ext.  Taraxaci 
01.  Menthae 

Piperitae     q.s. 
A  purely  vegetable  laxative  and 
cholagogue      prepared       with 
drugs  of  exceptional  purity. 


is 

..     gr. 

I 

-     gr. 

1/2 

gr- 

1/4 

..     gr. 

1/2 

■•     gr. 

1/4 

..     gr. 

1/4 

25 


Pharmacopoeial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 

/  ,^r~^^     _  


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


202 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


Tabloid  '  Brand  Products— <:tv///««<f^/  , 

TABLOID  '    BRAND—  DOSE  | 

,,   Lead  with  Opium,  N.F.   Pill     I 
Each  product  equals  one  of  the 
N.F.  Pills. 

,,   Lithium   Benzoate  Compound     I  l0  4ormorei 
R  Lithii  Benzoatis     ...     gr.  3 
Sulphuris 

Praecipitati    gr.  2 
Quininze   Salicj-latis    gr.  1/3 
,,  Lithium  Carbonate,  gr.  2      ...      i  to  3 
,,  Lithium  Citrate,  gr.  5,  Effer- 
vescent, bottles  of  25  ...      I  to  2 
,,   Lithium  Citrate,  Effervescent, 

gr.  60,  tubes  of  25  ...  ...      I  to  2  j 

Each    contains   about    gr.    3    of  ' 

Lithium  Citrate. 

,,   Lithium  Citrate  and    Sodium 
Sulphate,  Effervescent,  tubes 

of  25 I  to  2 

5.  Lithii  Citratis         ...     gr.  5 
Sodii  Sulphatis       ...     gr.  30 

,,   Lithium     Citrate     and     Uro- 
tropine,  Effe7-vescent,   tubes 
of  25  ...  ...  ...      I  or  more 

Bt   Lithii  Citratis         ...     gr.  5 
Urotropinae  ...     gr.  3 

Salis   Effe^^•escentis    q.s. 
Livingstone     Rouser     (^see 
Quinine  and  Rhubarb  Com- 
pound, page  210) 

,,    'Lodal'     (Trad^Mark)     (6:7- 

Dimethoxy  -  2  -  methyl  -3:4- 
d  ihydro  /j^quinolinium 
Chloride),  gr.  i       i 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


M 


Magenta  Dye,  Aniline,  gr.  30 

tubes  of  12 
Magnesium   Carbonate   Com- 
pound 
5    Magnesii  Carbonatis    gr.  3 
Potass.  Bicarbonatis    gr.  3 
Sodii  Bicarbonatis...     gr.  3 


I  to  4 


Pharmcuopaial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


"Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


y^      QyccJ'6c£^^ 


ISSUED       BY 


AND       CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  203 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— conii/iued 
'TABLOID'    BRAND—  DOSE 

,,  Magnesium  Citrate  (True), 
Efifervescent,  gr.    60,    tubes 

of  25  I  to  3 

,,   Magnesium    Sulphate,    Efifer- 
vescent, gr.  60,  tubes  of  25     I  to  4 
Each  represents  gr.  30  of  Mag- 
nesium .Sulphate. 

,,  Magnesium  Sulphate  Com- 
pound,   Efifervescent,    tubes 

of  25  I  to  4 

5;    Magnesii    Sulphatis     gr.  15 
Sodii  Sulphatis      ...     gr.  15 
Magnesii  Carbonatis     gr.  5 
Liq.  Zingiberis,  N.F.  min.  3-1/2 

,,   Magnesium  Sulphite,  gr.  5   ...      i  frequently 

,,  'Mamos'  (Tra^e  Mark)  (for- 
merly known  as  '  Tabloid  ' 
Mammary  Gland^,  gr.  5    ...      I  increased 

,,  Manganese   Citrate  (soltible), 

gr.  3 I  to  3 

,,   Manganese   Citrate  (sohible), 

gr.  5--         ;••  I  to  2 

,,   Manganese  Dioxide,  gr.  2    ...      i  to  5 
,,   Manganese   and   Iron   Citrate 

(sohible),  gr.  3        I  to  3 

,,   Manganese    and    Iron  Citrate 

(soluble),  gr.  5        •••  ...      I  to  2 

,,   Manganese  and    Iron    Citrate 

with  Quinine  (sohible),  gr.  3     i  to  3 
Each  contains  Quinine,  approxi- 
mately gr,  1/2. 

,,  Manganese  and   Iron    Citrate 

with  Quinine  (soluble),  gr.  5     I  to  2 
Each  contains  Quinine,  gr.  3/4. 

,,  Manganese  and  Iron   Citrate 

with    Strychnine    (soluble), 

gr-   I  I  to  3 

Each        contains        Strychnine, 
gr.  i/ioo. 


Pharynacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.   unless  otherwise  stated 


25 


25 


25 


25 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


204 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


FORMULARY   OF   FINE   PRODUCTS 


Tabloid '  Brand  Products— continued 
TABLOID 


Phos- 


Phos- 


BRAND — 

Manganese    and    Iron 

phate  (soluble),  gr.  3 
Manganese   and    Iron 

phate  (soluble),  gr.  5 
Medulla   [see   Bone    Medulla, 

page  188) 
Menthol,  gr.  1/4,  bottles  of  40 
Menthol  Compound  ... 

IJ   Mentholis    ...         ...     gr.  12 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis...     gr.  3 

Saccharini gr.  1/6 

Prepared   with    Menthol   of  ex- 
ceptional quality. 

Mercurous  Chloride  [see 
Calomel,  page  1 89) 

Mercuric  Chloride  {see 
Hydrarg.  Perchlor.  ,page  198) 

Mercuric  Potassium  Iodide, 
(formerly  known  as  lodic- 
Hydrarg.;,  gr.  1/6 

Mercury  Green  Iodide  {see 
Hydrarg.  lod.  Vir. ,  page  198) 

Mercury  Perchloride  {see 
Hydrarg.  Perchlor.  ,page  198) 

Mercur}-  Red  Iodide  {see 
Hydrarg.  lod.  Ruhr.,  pa^e 
198) 

Mercury  Subchloride  {see 
Calomel, /«^^<?  189) 

Mercur}'  with  Chalk,  and  com- 
binations {see  Grey  Powder 
and  combinations,  page  197) 

Mercury  Yellow  Iodide  {see 
Hydrarg.  lod.  Flav.) 

Methylene  Blue,  gr.  2 

Milk  Sugar,  gr.  3 

Mineral  Water  Salts,  Effer- 
vescent, Artificial  {see  Carls- 
bad, Kissingen,  Seltzer  and 
Vichy) 


I  to  3 


1  to  2 


Issued  in 

oval     j  bot.s.  of 
bets,  of 

25      I      100 

! 
25  j   100 


I  repeated 
I  to  4 


100 
100 


100 

100 


Phaimacopceial preparations  ai-e  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


'^:^^t^ 


ISSUED       BY 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


205 


Tabloid     Brand  Products 

BRAND — 


-continued 


TABLOID 

,,  Mistura  Alba  ... 

IJ;  Magnesii  Carb.Pond.  gr.  2-1/2 
Magnesii  Sulphatis      gr.  15 
01.  Menthae  Pip.  min.  1/32 

Conveniently    presents     a    most 
efficient  saline  combination. 

,,   Morphine        and        Emetine, 
bottles  of  50  


DOSE 

I  to  8 


Issued  in 

hots,  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


5;  Morphinae  Sulphatis 

gr. 

1/40 

Emetinae  Hydrobrom 

•gr. 

1/80 

Morphine,      Strychnine 

and 

Belladonna  ... 

5;  Morphinae  Sulphatis 

gr. 

1/12 

Strychninae  Sulphatis 

gr. 

1/60 

Ext.  Belladonnse    ... 

gr. 

1/20 

Morphine    Sulphate, 

gr 

1/20 

?j                  •<■> 

gr 

1/8 

^■>                          11 

gr- 

1/4 

Mucin  Compound 

5;  Mucini 

gr.  =^ 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis 

gr.  5 

I  as  required!     25 


I  to  4  or  more 
I  to  4 

1  to  2 

2  or  more 


N 

Nitroglycerin     {see    Trinitrin, 

page  217) 
Nuclein,  gr.  I  ...  ...      I  or  more 

Nux  Vomica,  each  containing 
the  solid  ingredients  of  Tinc- 
ture of  Nux  Vomica,  min.  I      I  frequently 
Nux  Vomica,  each  containing 
the  solid  ingredients  of  Tinc- 
ture of  Nux  Vomica,  min.  5      i  to  3 
Nux  Vomica,  each  containing 
the  solid  ingredients  of  Tinc- 
ture of  Nux  Vomica,  min.  10     i 
Nux  Vomica  Compound        ...      i  to  3 
5;  Ext.  Nucis  Vomicae, 
Aloini, 

Ferri  Sulphatis, 
Pulv.  Myrrhse, 
Pulv.  Saponis  ail  gr.  1/2 

Stomachic  and  tonic  aperient,  of 
special  value  in  chronic  consti- 
pation. 


50 
25 


48 
25 


Phannacop<xial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherxvise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


^Oyl^uO 


206 


THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


'  Tabloid  '  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

*  TABLOID'    BRAND— 

0 

,,  Ophthalmic  Products  (see 

DOSE 

bots.  of 

pages  164-165; 

,,  Opium,  gr.  J 

I  to  4 

— 

100 

>»       gr-  I 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

„   Opium,  Granulated,  each  con- 

taining the  solid  ingredients 

of      Tincture      of      Opium 

(Laudanum),  min.  2 

I  to  5 

48 

100 

,,  Opium,  Granulated,  each  con- 

taining the  solid  ingredients 

of     Tincture      of      Opium 

(Laudanum),  min.  5 

I  to  3 

48 

100 

,,  Opium,  Granulated,  each  con- 

taining the  solid  ingredients 

of     Tincture      of      Opium 

(Laudanmn),  min.  10 

I 

36 

100 

„    '  Orsudan'  (Trade  Mark)  (So- 

I to  10 

dium    3 -Methyl -4 -acetyl - 

hypodermi- 

aminophenylarsonate),gr.  i 

cally 

— 

100 

„   'Orsudan'  (Tragic  Mark)  (So- 

dium    3  -  Methyl  -  4-  acetyl- 

I  to  2 

aminophenylarsonate),  gr.  5, 

hypodermi- 

bottles  of  25             

cally 

— 

— 

,,  Ovarian      Substance      {see 

'  Varium') 

,,  Ox  Bile  (Purified),  gr.  4       ... 

I  to  4 

— 

100 

P 

,,    Pancreatin  {see  '  Pepana,' 

page  20-]) 

,,   Papain,  gr.  2 

I  to  4 

25 

100 

,,   Paregoric    {see    Camphorated 

Opium,  page  190) 

,,   Pastilles  (seepages  166-167; 

,,   Pelletierine  Tannate,  gr.  2   ... 

I  to  4 

25 

— 

Pharmacopoeial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 

-^C     J  cdl(>uL    —    —    — 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND      CO. 

Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continue 

TABLOID'    BRAND— 
, ,    '  Pepana  '  (Trade  Mark) 

(Gastro-enteric  digestive) 

5;  Pepsini         gr.  i 

Pancreatini gr.  i 

Calcii 

Lactophosphatis    gr.  i 
Scientifically    prepared    for    the 
treatment  of  dyspeptic  condi- 
tions  affecting   both    stomach 
and  intestines. 

,,   Pepsin,  Bismuth  and  Charcoal 

5;  Pepsini gr.  2 

Bismuthi  Subcarbonatis   gr.  2 
Carbonis  Ligni  ...     gr.  2 

Digestive,  sedative  and  absor- 
bent, of  special  service  in 
flatulent  dyspepsia. 

,,   Pepsin  and  Strychnine 

IJj  Pepsini         ...  ...     gr.  2 

Strychninae  Sulphatis   gr.  i/ioo 

,,   Pepsin,   Bismuth  and  Strych- 
nine ... 

IJ;  Pepsini  gr.  2 

Bismuthi  Subcarbon- 
atis    gr.  3 

Strychninae  Sulphatis  gr.  i/ioo 

,,   Pepsin,  Saccharated,  gr.  5  ... 

,,   Phenacetin,  gr.  5 

,,   Phenacetin  Compound 

IJ    Phenacetini  ...     gr.  4 

Caffeinae      ...         ...     gr.  i 

Conspicuously  safe  and  effective 

in    the  treatment  of  headache 

and  neuralgia. 

,,   Plienacetin  and  Quinine  Com- 
pound 
IJ   Phenacetini  ...     gr.  3 

Quininae  Hydrobro- 

midi  gr.  1/2 

Caffeinas      gr.  2/3 

,,   Phenacetin  and  Salol 
5i   Phenacetini, 

Salol  ...  afi  gr.  2j 

,,   Phenazone  {see  Antipyrine) 


REMEMBER  THE 
TRADE   MARKS 


207 


DOSE 
I  to  3 


I  to 


I  to  3 


I  to  4  or  more 
I  to  2 
I  to  3 


I  to  3 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 

25 


25 


25 


25 


25 
25 


100 


100 
100 
100 


■Pharviacopanal preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherzuise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


7.*^.-^ 


208 


REMEMBER  THE 
TRADE   MARKS 


FORMULARY   OF   FINE   PRODUCTS 


gr.  1/4 
gr.  1/2 
min.  I 


'  Tabloid  '  Brand  Products— coniinum 
'TABLOID'    BRAND—  DOSE 

,,   Phenol    and    Menthol    Com- 
pound, (Capsule),  boxes  of  25     i  as  required 
B,  Phenolis 

Mentholis     ... 
01.  Cajuputi 
,,   Phenyl  Salicylate    (see  Salol, 

paS^e  212). 
„   Phosphates  of  Iron,   Quinine 

and  Strychnine,  dr.  1/2     ...      I  to 
,,   Pho.sphates  of  Iron,  Quinine 
and  Strychnine,  dr.  I         ...      I 
Present,  in  a  soluble  condition, 
the    amount     of    iron     (ferric 
state),  quinine  and  strychnine 
contained      in      corresponding 
doses  of  Easton  SjTup. 
,,  Photographic   O^^   pages 

16S-171; 
,,  Pig    Bile    (Purified),     gr.    4, 

keratin-coated 
,,  Pilocarpine  Nitrate,  gr.  i/io 

gr-  1/4-  • 
,,  Piperazine,  gr.  5,  bottles  of  25 
,,   Piperazine,  gr.  5,  Effervescent, 

tubes  of  12  ... 
,,   Pituitar}'  Gland,  gr.  2 
..   Plummer  Pill   {see  Antimony 
Compound  Pill) 

,,   Podophyllin,  gr.  1/4 

,,   Podophyllin  and  Euonymin  ... 
15   Resinae  Podophylli      gr.  1/4 
Ext.  Euonj-mi      ...      gr.  1 

,,   Podophyllin  Compound        ...      i  to  3 
R    Resinae  Podophylli      gr.  1/6 
Pil.  Rhei  Comp.    ...     gr.  2-1/2 
Ext.  Hyoscyami 

Viridis     gr.  1-1/4 

,,   Potassium  Bicarbonate,  gr.  5       I  to  6 

,,   Potassium  Bromide,  gr.  5     ...      I  to  6 

gr.  10  ...      I  to  3 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


I  to  4 
I  to  5 
I  to  2 
I  to  2 

I   to  2 

I  to  3 


I  to  4 
I  to  2 


25 


25 


25 
25 


100 


40 


100 
100 
100 


Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  othe>-wise  stated 

rite  the  ^         ' y-. 

1,  thus:       -/j^        ^CO&'tciil/^ 


Write 
Brand 
fuU, 


ISSUED       BY 


AND      CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— coni/mu-d 
*  TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,   Potassium  Chlorate,  gr.  5     ... 
In  graven  white-metal  boxes, 
each  containing  40  or  100 
Stimulating,  expectorant,  superior 
to  gargles  and  sprays. 

,,   Potassium  Chlorate  and  Borax 
In  graven  white-metal  Ijoxes, 
each  containing  40  or  100 
Presents   its  constituents   in  the 
most    efficient  and   convenient 
manner    for    relieving    hoarse- 
ness, etc. 

,,  Potassium  Chlorate,  Borax 
and  Cocaine  Co.  (see  Voice, 
pa^e  218) 


DOSE 

I  as  required 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


oval 
bots.  of 

40 


100 


I  as  required!     40 


Potassium  Iodide,  gr.  I 

„      gr.  3         ••• 

I  frequently 

(expectorant ) 
I  to  6 

„      gr.  5         ••■ 
Potassium    Nitrate    (Sal    Pru- 
nella), gr.  5 

Potassium  Permanganate,  gr.  I 

I  to  4 

I  to  4 
I  to  3 

gr.  2 
Prostate  Gland,  gr.  2-1/2 

I 

I  to  2 

Q 

,,  Quinine,     Ammoniated      [see 

Ammoniated  Quinine) 
,,  Quinine,  Arsenic  and  Strych- 
nine ... 
5:  Quininae  Bisulphatis  gr.  i 
Arseni  Trioxidi      ...     gr.  1/20 
Strychninae gr.  1/30 

,,  Quinine  and  Camphor 
5;  Quininae  Bisulphatis    gr.  i 
Camphorae  ...         ...     gr.  1/5 

, ,  Quinine,  Belladonna  and  Cam- 
phor ... 
IJi   Quininae  Sulphatis       gr.  1/4 
Ext.  Belladonnas  ...     gr.  1/8 
Camphorae gr.  1/4 


I  every  hour 


I  to  4 


25 


25 


100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 


Pharniacopcsial  preparations  are   U.S.F.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMUI-ARY      OF       FINE      PRODUCTS 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continueei 

Issued  in 

oval 

hots,  of 

♦TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DOSE 

bets,  of 

,,  Quinine   and    Rhubarb   Com- 

pound {we//  known  for  many 

years   as  '  Tabloid'  Living- 

stone Rouser) 

I  to  3 

25 

ICX3 

^  Pulv.  Jalapae          ...     gr.  1-1/2 

Hydrarg^Ti 

Chloridi  Mitis     gr.  i 

Pulv.  Rhei gr.  1-1/2 

Quininse  Bisulphatis    gr.  i 

„   Quinine  and  Strychnine 

I  to  3 

25 

100 

5-  Quininae  Bisulphatis    gr.  i 

Strjxhninae  Sulphatis    gr.  1/60 

,,  Quinine  Bihydrochloride  (Acid 

Quinine  Hydrochloride), 

gJ"-  5 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

,,   Quinine  Bihydrochloride  (Acid 

Quinine  Hydrochloride), 

gr.  10 

I 

25 

100 

,,  Quinine  Bisulphate,  gr.  1/2  ... 

I  or  more 

50 

100 

gr.  I      ... 

I  or  more 

36 

100 

gr.  2      ... 

I  to  5 

25 

100 

gr.  3      ... 

I  to  3 

25 

100 

gr.  4      ••• 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

gr.  5      ••• 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

,,          ,,                ,,            gr.   10    ... 

I 

25 

100 

Proved    by    the    experience    of 

medical    officers    to    retain    its 

therapeutic  activity  under  the 

most     adverse     climatic     con- 

ditions. 

,,   Quinine  Bisulphate  and  Potas- 

sium   Citrate,    Effe>-vescent, 

tubes  of  25 

I    to  2,  re- 

— 

B,  Quinin^  Bisulphatis     gr.  i 
Potassii  Citratis    ...     gr.  15 

peated  as 

necessary 

,,   Quinine  Compound    ... 

I  every  hour 

25 

100 

IJ;   Acetanilidi  (Anti- 

febrini)      gr.  1-1/5 

Cinchonae  Alkaloid- 

orum     gr.  i 

Camphorae  Mono- 

bromatae     gr.  1/5 

Pulv.  Ipecacuanhae      gr.  1/8 

Ext.  Cascar^e 

Sagradae     gr.  1/4 

Pharniacopceia/ preparations  are  U.S. P.  un/ess  otherwise  stated 


W^rite  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


ISSUED       BY 


AND       CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  211 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DO.SE 

bots.  of 

,,  Quinine   Hydrobromide,  gr.  i 

I  or  more 

25 

100 

„            „                      ,.                       gr.   2 

I  to  5 

25 

100 

gr-  3 

I  to  3 

25 

ICX5 

gr-  4 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

gr-  5 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

,,  Quinine  Hydrochloride,  gr.  I 

I  or  more 

25 

ICX) 

gr-  2 

I  to  5 

25 

100 

gr.  3 

I  to  3 

25 

ICX) 

gr.  4 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

gr-  5 

I  to  2 

25 

ICX) 

„  Quinine    Salicylate     ( Physio- 

logically Pure),  2^k.  I 

I  to  6 

25 

100 

,,  Quinine    Salicylate     (Physio- 

logically Pure),  gr.  3 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

,,  Quinine  Sulphate,  gr.  I,  gr.  2, 

gr.    3,   gr.   4  and  gr.    5  are 

supplied    in     packages      of 

the    same    size   as   Quinine 

Bisulphate. 

,,   Quinine  Valerate,  gr.  2 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

R 
,,  Red  Gum         

I  occasionally 

25 

100 

,,  Reduced  Iron,  gr.  2 

I  to  3 

— 

100 

,,   Reduced  Iron  Compound     ... 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

5;    Ferri  Reducti         ...     gr.  2 

Ext.  Hyoscyami    ...     gr.  i 

Ext.  Nucis  Vomicae     gr.  1/2 

Olei  Cari     ...         ...     min.  1/4 

,,   Reduced    Iron    and    Rhubarb 

Compound 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

IJ;    Ferri  Reducti        ...     gr.  2 

Ext.  Hyoscyami    ...     gr.  i 

Ext.  Nucis  Vomicae    gr.  1/2 

Pil.  Rhei  Comp.    ...     gr.  i 

Olei  Cari      min.  1/4 

This  preparation  and   '  Tabloid ' 

Reduced  Iron  Compound   are 

of  special   value   in    the   treat- 

ment of  neurasthenia,  chlorosis 

and  their  sequelas. 

Pkarmacopaial preparations  are  U.S. P.   unless  otherzvise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


yC-yc^H&ul' 


212 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF       FINE       PRODUCTS 


DOSE 

to  4 


to  2  I 

to  4  or  more! 

to  5  i 


oval 
bots.  of 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— confznued 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,   Residuum  Rubrum,  gr.  5      ...      i 
,,   Resina  Podophylli  [see  Podo- 

phyllin,  pag-e  208). 
,,  Resorcin  (Resorcinol),  gr.  3...     i 
,,   Rhubarb,  gr.  3  ...  ...      i 

,,   Rhubarb  and  Soda    ...  ...      i 

B;  Puly.  Rhei  ...         ...     gr.  3 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis...     gr.  1-1/2 
Pulv.  Zingiberis     ...     gr.  1/2 

,,   Rhubarb  Compound  Pill      ...      i 

Each  product  equals  one  of  the  i 

U.S. P.  pills. 

.,   Rhubarb   Compound    Powder 

(Gregory  Powder),  gr.  5  ...      I  to4ormore|     25 
Each        contains  :         Rhubarb, 

gr.   1-1/4  ;    Magnesium  O.vide,  ' 

gr.  3-1/4,  and  Ginger,  gr.  1/2.  I 

,,  Rhubarb,  Soda  and  Magnesia     i  to  5 
B,  Pulv.  Rhei  ...     gr.  I 

Sodii  Bicarbonatis        gr.  1-1/2 
Magnesii  Carb.Pond.  gr.  2 
Pulv.  Zingiberis     ...     gr.  1/2 


Issued  in 

bots.  of 


25 
25 


25 


25 


Saccharin,  gr.  1/2 

SaUcin,  gr.  5 

Salicylic  Acid  [Physiologically 

Pure),  gr.  3  

Salicylic  Acid  [Physiologically 

Pure),  gr.  5  

Salol  (Phenyl  Salicylate),  gr.  5 
Sandal   Wood    Oil,    min.    5, 

(Capsule),  boxes  of  25 
Sandal   Wood  Oil,    min.    10, 

(Capsule),  boxes  of  20 
Santonin,  gr.  1/2 

gr.  I  

gr-  2  

gr.  3  


100 

ICX) 

100 


I  to  4 


100  &   \ 

200       I 

25     !      100 


ito4ormore       — 


to  4 


25 


I  to  3  or  morej 


to  2 

to  4  or  more 

to  4  or  morej 

to  3 

to  2 


100 


50 

50  — 


100 


100 
100 


Pharmacop(£ial preparations  are  U.S. P.  tittles s  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


-/q'      J  C(Jj 


cdlo-uL 


ISSUED       BY 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  213 


'  Tabloid '  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DOSE 

bots.  of 

,,  Santonin  and  Calomel 

I  to  3 

25 

100 

]^    Santonini     ...         ...     gr.  i 

Hydrargyri  Chloridi 

Mitis     gr.  I 

,,    'Saxin'   {Trade  Mark),   gr.    1/4, 

bottles  of  200             

— 

100 

Excels  all  sweetening  agents  in 

concentration   and  delicacy  of 

flavour.       About     600     times 

sweeter  than  sugar. 

,,   Seltzer      Salt,       E fervescent. 

I  or  more, 

Artificial,  tubes  of  25 

as  desired 

— 

— 

,,   Slippery  Elm,  bottles  of  25  ... 

I  or  more 

— 

100 

Each    represents    gr.    5    of    the 

mucilage    of     Slippery     Elm 

Bark. 

,,   'Soamin'       (Sodium      Para- 

{Tradc  Mark)     aminophenyl - 

arsonale),    gr.    i 

I  to  10  hypo- 

dermically 

— 

100 

gr.  5, 

I  to  2  hypo- 

bottles  of  25 

dermically 

— 

— 

,,   '$>odiZ.-Wv!\\.  ( Neutralising )    ... 

I  to  4  or  more 

30 

100 

B;  Sodii  Bicarbonatis...     gr.  4 

Ammon.  Bicarb.    ...     gr.  1/12 

01.  Menthae 

Piperitae    ^.s. 

A    most    effective    compound   of 

antacid,    aromatic    and    stimu- 

lating ingredients  of  exceptional 

purity.    Possesses    the    advan- 

tage   over    the    N.F.    product 

in   containing   Oil   of   Pepper- 

mint in  place  of  Oil  of  Spear- 

mint. 

,,  Sodium  Bicarbonate,  gr.  5    ... 

I  to  6 

40 

100 

,,         „                  „             gr.  10... 

I  to  3 

40 

100 

,,  Sodium  Borate  (see  Borax) 

,,   Sodium  Bromide,  gr.  5 

I  to  6 

— 

100 

gr.  10       ... 

I  to  3 

— 

100 

,,  Sodium    Bromide    Compound 

I  to  6 



100 

5;  Sodii  Bromidi         ...     gr.  2 

Strontii  Bromidi     ...     gr.  2 

Ammonii  Bromidi...     gr.  i 

Sodii  Arsenatis       ...     gr.  1/60 

,,  Sodium  Citrate,  gr.  2 

for  milk 

modification 

- 

100 

Pharmacopmal preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  othe)-ivise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


/  <:^/^,-^  '  


214 


REHEMBER  THE 
TRADE  UARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


I  to  6 


I  to6ormore      25 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— contimtge/ 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,   Sodium  Phenolsulphonate  (see  j 

Sodium  Sulphocarbolate) 

,,  Sodium  Phosphate,  Effer- 
vescent, gr.  60,  tubes 
of  25  ...         ...         ...     I  or  more 

Each  represents  gr.  loiapprox.)  of 
Sodium  Phosphate. 

,,  Sodium  Salicylate  (nahiral ),  | 

gr.  3     I  to  6  or  more 
,,    gr.  5     I  to  6 
,,  Sodium     Salicylate     ( Physio- 

logually  Pure),  gr,  3 
,,   Sodium    Salicylate     (Physio- 
logically Pure),  gr.  5 
,,  Sodium     Salicylate     (Physio- 
logically Pure),  gr.  5,  Effer- 
vescent, tubes  of  25 . . .  ...      I  or  m 

,,  Sodium  Salicylate  and  Potas- 
sium   Bicarbonate,    of  each 

gr.  5 I  to  6 

,,  Sodium  Sulphate  Compound, 

Effervescent,  tubes  of  20    ...      i  to  2 
B.  Sodii  Sulphatis 

Exsicc.     gr.  30 
Potassii  Bitartratis       gr.  10 
Potassii  Bicarbonatis   gr.  2-1/2 
Ess.  Zingiberis      ...     q.s. 
Salis  Effervescentis,     q.s. 

,,   Sodium  Sulphate, Effervescent, 
gr.  60,  tubes  of  25 
Each    represents    gr.    30    of 
Sodium  Sulphate 

,,  Sodium  Sulphocarbolate 

(Phenolsulphonate),  gr,  5 
„   Sparteine     Sulphate,     gr.     i, 
bottles  of  25  ...          ...      I 

,,  Spinal  Cord  Substance, 

gr.  2-1/2  I  or  more 
,,  Spleen  Substance,  gr,  5  ...  i  or  more 
,,  Strontium  Bromide,  gr,  5      ...     I  to  6 


Issued  in 

bots,  of 


oval 
bots.  of 


I  or  more  — 


I  to 


100 
100 
100 


Pharmcuopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.   unless  otherxvise  stated 


■Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


^    <zygiJ'6p£^     —     —     — 


ISSUED       BY       B. 


REMEMBER     THE 
TRADE      MARKS 


215 


'Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

do.se 

bots.  of 

,,   Strophanthus,  each  containing 

the      solid     ingredients     of 

Tincture    of    Strophanthus, 

I  repeated 

min.  5 

as  necessary 

50 

100 

Unique    in    preserving    the    full 

therapeutic  activity  of  the  true 

drug. 

,,   Strychnine  Sulphate,  gr.  1/60 

I  to  4 

50 

— 

gr-  1/30 

I  to  2 

50 

— 

gr.  1/20 

I 

50 

— 

gr.  1/15 

I 

50 

— 

„  Sugar    of    Milk     (see     Milk 

Sugar; 

,,  Sulphonal,  gr.  5          

I  to  6 

25 

100 

, ,  Sulphur  Compound    ... 

I  to  4  or  more 

25 

100 

5;  Sulphuris  Praecipitati      gr.  5 

Potassii  Bitartratis  ...     gr.  i 

,,  Sumbul  Compound 

I  to  2 

— 

100 

^  Ext.  Sumbul           ...     gr.  i 

Asafoetidae    ...         ...     gr.  2 

Ferri  Sulphatis 

Exsicc.     gr.  I 

Arseni  Trioxidi       ...     gr.  1/40 

,,   Supra-renal  Gland,  gr.  5 

I  to  3 

100 

T 

,,  Tannin,  gr.  2-1/2        

I  to  2 

— 

100 

,,  Tar,  gr,  I 

I  frequently 

50 

ICXD 

,,  Tar  and  Codeine         

I  to  4 

25 

100 

^  Picis  Liquidae         ...     gr.  i 

Codeinae       gr.  i/S 

,,  Tartarated      Antimony      {see 

Antimony    and     Potassium 

Tartrate, /a^^  185) 

,,  Tea  {see  page  219) 

,,  Terebene,  min.   5,  (Capsule), 

boxes  of  50 

I  to  3 



— 

Test  VYodncis  {see pages  135-137) 

,,  Tetranitrin       {see        Erythrol 

Tetranitrate) 

Phannacopceial preparations  arc  U.S. P.   sinless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


kJo/O-u^apC 


216 


REMEMBER    THE 
TRADE     MARKS 


FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


Tabloid'  Brand  Products— continued 

Issued  in 

TABLOID'    BRAND— 

DOSE 

oval 
bets,  of 

bots.  of 

,.  Thirst  Quencher 

I  to  2  or  more 

25 

ICXD 

Containing    Tartaric    Acid    and 
Sodium  Bicarbonate,  flavoured 
with  Lemon     and    'Saxin.' 

as  desired 

,,  Three  Bromides,  Effervescent, 

tubes  of  25 

I  to  2 



— 

5;   Pota^sii  Bromidi    ...     0-4  gm. 
Sodii  Bromidi         ...     0-4  gm. 
AramoniiBromidi  ...     0-2  gm. 

Salis 
Effervescentis     ...     g.s. 

,,  Three  Valerates          

I 



100 

ft   Quininae 

Valeratis        ...     gr.  i 
Ferri  Valeratis        ...     gr.  i 
Zinci  Valeratis       ...     gr.  i 

. 

Retains     the     full      therapeutic 
activity  of  the  Valerates,  whilst 

concealing     their     unpleasant 
odour. 

,,  Th^^llol,  gr.  i              

I  to  2 

25 

— 

».         gr.  2             

gr-  5              

I 
Used  in 

25 

— 

100 

Thymus  Gland,  gr.  5 
Thyroid  Colloid,  gr.  1/2 
Thyroid     Gland     (Standard- 
ised), gr.  1/2 
gr.  I-1/2 
gr.  2-1/2 
gr.  5    ... 
The     most     successful     Thyroid 
preparation,     standardised    to 
Iodine  content. 

Tinctures — • 

{See  Aconite,  Belladonna,  Cam- 
phorated Opium,  Indian 
Cannabis,  Capsicum,  Cin- 
chona, Digitalis,  Ginger, 
Granulated  Opium,  Hyoscy 
amus,  Nux  Vc 
Strophanthus.) 

Tonic  Compound 
5   Ferri 

Pyrophosphatis... 
Quininae  Bisulphatis 
Strj'chninae 

Sulphatis... 


special  cases 

I  to  5  I 

I  or  more  I 

I  or  more  > 

I  or  more  j 

I  or  more  { 

I  1 


100 
100 

100 

ICX) 

100 

100 


Vomica       and 


I  to  3 


25 


gr.  i/ioo 


Pharrnacopoeial preparations  are  U.S. P.  ttnless  other-wise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus: 


ISSUED       BY 


W.       AND      CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  '217 


*  Tabloid '  Brand  Products— con imucd 

Issued  in 

oval 

bots.  of 

'TABLOID'    BRAND— 

UOSE 

bots.  of 

,,  Trinitrin  (Nitroglycerin), 

gr.  1/200 

I  or  more 

25 

ICO 

gr.  i/ioo 

I  to  2 

25 

ICO 

gr.  1/50 

I 

25 

ICX) 

One     of    the     many    important 

therapeutic  agents  in  the  intro- 

duction of  which  B.  W.  &  Co. 

were  pioneers. 

,,  Trinitrin  Compound  ... 

I  to  2 

25 

100 

B;  Trinitrini     gr.  i/ico 

Capsicini      gr.  1/200 

Mentholis gr.  i/ioo 

,,  Trional,  gr.  5 

I  to  6 

25 

100 

,,  Turpentine  Oil,  Rectified,  min. 

10,  (Capsule),  boxes  of  20  ... 

I  or  more 

- — 

— 

U 

,,   Urotropine,  gr.  3       

I  to  5 

25 

100 

gr-  5       

I  to  3 

25 

100 

V 

,,    '  Varium  '  (Trade  Mark) 

(formerly  known  as '  Tabloid' 

Ovarian  Substance^,  gr.  5... 

I  to  2  or  more 

— 

100 

,,  Vegetable       Laxative         {see 

Laxative  Vegetable) 

,,  Veronal,  gr.  5 

I  to  2 

25 

— 

, ,  Viburnum  Prunifolium  Extract, 

gr-  2 

I  to  5 

— 

100 

,,  Vichy       Salt,       Effervescent, 

I  or  more. 

Artificial,  N.F.,  tubes  of  25 

as   desired 

— 

— 

,,  Vichy  Salt,  Effervescent,  Arti- 

ficial, with  Lithium,   N.F., 

tubes  of  25 

I  or  more. 

— 

— 

In  addition  to  the  essential  con- 

as  desired 

stituents  of  Vichy  Water,  each 

contains       Lithium       Citrate, 

gr.  2-1/4. 

,,  Vinum       Ipecacuanha       {see 

Ipecac  Extract, /a^^  199) 

Pharmcuopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.   unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
full,  thus : 


6^id/ 


218 


REMEMBER  THE 
TRADE   MARKS 


FOKMULAKY      OK       FINli 


Tabloid  '  Brand  Products— c<j»fifmcti 
TABLOID'    BRAND— 

,,  Violet   Dye,   Aniline,   gr.   30, 

tubes  of  12  ... 
,,  Voice     (Potassium     Chlorate, 
Borax  and  Cocaine  Co. )    ... 
In  graven  white-metal  boxes 
each  containing  25  or  80 


Issued  in 

oval       bots.  of 
bots.  of ! 


I  as  required!     25 


So 


Zinc  Oxide,  gr.  2 

I  to  5 

Zinc      Sulphate, 
'Soloid'    Brand 

etc.       {see 
Products, 

pages  175-180) 
Zinc  Valerate,  gr.  2 

I 

Zinc  Valerate  Compound      ...      I 
IJ   Zinci  Valeratis        ...     gr.  i 
Pulv.  Rhei               ...     gr.  i 
Ext.  Belladonnae    ...     gr.  i/S 
Pulv.  Zingiberis     ...     gr.  i 

Zinc   Valerate   and   Asafetida 

Compound   . . . 
5;   Zinci  Valeratis 

Asafuetidae 

Myrrhae 

Zinc  Valerate   with 

I 

gr.  I 
gr.  I 
gr.  1/2 

Iron  and                            , 

Arsenic 

I                      i 

Bi   Zinci  Valeratis 
Ferri  Reducti 
Arseni  Trio.xidi      ... 
Ext.  Gentianae 

gr.  2                                             [ 
gr.  I 
gr.  1/60 
gr.  I 

ICG 
100 


Zingib.  {see  Ginger,  />age  195) 

Tabloid '  Brand  Products  are  also  issued  in  bottles  of  500,  with 
the  exception  of  those  put  up  in  tubes  only. 

Also  a  %vide  range  of  other  products  issued  under  the 
'  Tabloid '  Brand. 


'  Tabloid '  Brand  Tea  provides  the  most  convenient, 
portable  and  eftective  means  of  quickly  preparing  tea  of 
uniform  strength.  It  is  the  most  suitable  tea  for  travellers, 
sportsmen,    cyclists,    pleasure    parties,    etc.       A    tin    of 

Pharviacopoeial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


Write  the 
Brand  in 
fiill,  thus: 


U  cU'LouL  —    —    — 


REMEMBER     THE 
ISSUED       BY       B.       W.       AND       CO.  TRADE     MARKS  219 


'Tabloid'  Brand  1^9.— continued 

'  Tabloid '   Tea   and   a    bottle   of  '  Tabloid '    '  Saxin '   for 
sweetening  the  infusion  may  be  conveniently  carried  in  the 
waistcoat-pocket. 
In  enamelled  tins  containing  lOO  and  200. 

'Tabloid'    Brand    Tea,    Special     Blend,    exceptional 
quality — 
In  enamelled  tins  containing  100  and  200. 

Terebene,  Pure  (B.W.  &  Co.)—  dose 

I,  2  and  16  fl.  oz.  bottles         5  to  15  min. 

Test  Cases,  '  Soloid  '  Brand  (see  Analysis  Cases,  page  135  j 

Tow,  Carbolised,    Pleated     Compressed,    'Tabloid' 
Brand  {see  Dressings, /^-^t'  150) 

Towels,  Sanitary,   Pleated   Compressed,    '  Tabloid  ' 
Brand  (see  page  172^ 

VACCINES,    r^   'WELLCOME'  brand 

The  word  'WellcOME'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine 
products  issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co. 

The  '  Wellcome  '  Brand  Vaccines  are  prepared,  under 
U.S.A.  Government  Licence,  No.  18,  at  the  Wellcome  Physio- 
logical Research  Laboratories,  Brockwell  Hall,  London, 
England.  Every  stage  of  the  preparation  is  carried  out  under 
the  immediate  supervision  of  a  skilled  staff  of  highly-qualified 
experts.  Being  exceptionally  pure,  sterile,  and  accurately 
standardised,  the  '  Wellcome  '  Brand  Vaccines  are  used  with 
confidence  to  stimulate  that  elaboration  of  antibodies  which  is 
the  essential  feature  of  successful  immunisation. 

Vaccines  should  be  kept  in  a  cool  dark  place,  and  protected 
from  extremes  of  temperature. 

'  Wellcome  '  Brand  Vaccines  are  issued  in  hermetically-sealed 
phials. 

'WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
„  Gonococcus  Vaccine 

(a)  I  cc.  containing        20  million  organisms 

(b)  I  cc.         ,,  200       ,,  ,, 
(C)  I  cc.          ,,             1000       ,,               ,, 

Pharniacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  tinless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE    MARKS  FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 


Vaccines,  '  Wellcome  '  Brand— coniinu€d 
'WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
„  Staphylococcus  Vaccine,  Aureus 

(a)  I  c.c.  containing      200  million  organisms 

(b)  I  c.c.  ,,  1000       ,,  ,, 

„  Staphylococcus  Vaccine,  Mixed 

(a)  I  c.c.  containing      200  million  organisms 

(B)   I   c.c.  ,,  ICHDO         ,,  ,, 

„  Streptococcus  Vaccine,  Polyvalent 

(a)  I  c.c.  containing        10  million  organisms 
(B)  I  c.c.  ,,  50       „ 

„  Typhoid  Vaccine 

0-5     c.c.  containing     500  million  organisms 


?,*?!  'VALOID'  BRAND  PRODUCTS 

The  word  'V ALGID'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the  supply  of 
pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should  always  be 
specified  when  ordering. 

VALOID'    BRAND— 

,,  Aromatic  Cascara  Sagrada,  4  Imperial  DOSE 

fl.  oz.  bottles     10  to  60  min. 

,,  Ergot,  4  Imperial  fl.  oz.  bottles       10  to  30  min. 

The  strength  of  each  '  Valoid '  preparation  is  indicated  on  the  label 
Various  of  her  products  are  also  issued  uiuier  this  brand 


'VSX  'VALULE'   BRAND   PRODUCTS 

The  word  'Valule'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine  products 
issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the  supply  of 
pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should  always  be 
specified  when  ordering. 

'VALULE'     BRAND—  DOSE 

,,     Bone  Medulla,  gr.  5,  bottles  of  100  ...      i  or  more 

{^See  also  '  Tabloid  '  Bone  Medulla,  page  188) 

Various  other  products  are  also  issued  under  this  brand 

Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


ISSUED      BY      B.       W.       AND      CO. 


REMEMBER     THE 

TRADE      MARKS  221 


'  VAN  A'  {Trade  Mark)  Brand  Tonic  Wine—  dose 

In  bottles  of  i6  Imperial  fl.  oz.  Half  a  wineglassful 

:*%.^  'VAPOROLE'  BRAND  PRODUCTS 

The  word  'Vaporole'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine 
products  issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the 
supply  of  pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should 
always  be  specified  when  ordering. 


VAPOROLE'    BRAND— 

Por   Hypodermic   Injection 

,,  Calomel,  0-05  gm.  Sterile  Suspension  in  a 
Neutral  Fatty  Basis,  with  Creosote  and 
Camphor,  boxes  of  10 

,,  'Ernutin'  {Trade  Mark)^  min.  10,  sterile, 
boxes  of  6  . . . 

,,  Grey  Oil.  Sterile  Suspension  of  o-i  gm. 
of  Mercury  in  a  Neutral  Fatty  Basis 
(i  c.c. ),  boxes  of  10 

,,  Iron  and  Arsenic,  Sterilised  Solution, 
boxes  of  10 

5;   Ferri  Citratis  Viridis       ...     0-05  gm. 
Sodii  Arsenatis  Exsicc.  ...     0-002  gtn. 

Aquam         ad     i  c.c. 

,,  Pituitary  (Infundibular)  Extract,  sterilised, 
I  c.c.  =  0-2  gm.  of  fresh  substance, 
boxes  of  6  . . . 

Por  Inhalation 

,,  Amyl  Nitrite,  min.  3  and  min.  5  (glass 
capsules),  boxes  of  12 

,,  Aromatic  Ammonia  (glass  capsules),  en- 
closed in  silken  sacs,  boxes  of  12.  For 
7ise  as ''Smellifio- Salts" 


DOSE 


(by  injec- 
tion) 

(by  injec- 
tion) 


(by  injec- 
tion) 

to    3    (by 
injection) 


(by  injec- 
tion) 


(by  inhala- 
tion) 


...      I  (by  inhala- 
tion) 
Various  other  products  are  also  issued  under  this  brand 


Pharmacopceial preparations  are  U.S. P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


REMEMBER    THE  FORMULARY      OF      FINE      PRODUCTS 

TRADE    MARKS  ISSUED      BY      B.      W.      AND      CO. 


'  Vaporole '  Brand  Ammoniuni  Chloride  Inhaler 

Delivers    perfectly    neutral    fumes     of    pure    ammonium 
chloride.      A  model  of  compactness,  convenience  and  utility. 

'Vaporole'  Acid  and   Alkali,  for  use  in  the  above 
Inhaler,  are  supplied  in  boxes  of  12. 

Veterinary  Hypodermic  Products,  '  Tabloid '  Brand 

(See  B.  IV.  of  Co.'s  Price  List) 

Veterinary    Ophthalmic    Products,    *  Tabloid '    and 
'  Soloid  *   Brands     (See  B.  W.  <sf  Co.'s  Price  List) 

Vulcanite  Nozzles — Curved  and  Straight. 

To  screw  on  collapsible  tubes  of  '  Hazeline '  Cream,  etc., 
when  it  is  desired  to  apply  these  preparations  to  the 
mucous  membranes  of  the  nose,  ear,  urethra  or  rectum. 

Water  Analysis,  A  Simple  Method  of  (6th  Edition) 
By  J.  C.  Thresh,  M.D.,  D.Sc,  etc. 

This  standard  text-book  affords  all  the  information  necessary 
to  enable  those  with  only  a  small  knowledge  of  analysis  to 
perform  a  chemical  examination  of  a  sample  of  drinking-water 
by  means  of  '  Soloid  '  Brand  Water  Analysis  Cases.  A  chapter 
on  the  examination  of  sewage  effluents  is  included. 

Water  Analysis  Cases,  'Soloid'  Brand  (see page  135^ 
'Wellcome'  Brand  Products  (see  pages  2.11-2.11) 


Verbal  Instructions  are  not  safe.  To 
prevent  fraud,  it  is  best  to  write 
prescriptions  for  original  bottles.     .    . 


Pharmacopceial  preparations  a7-e  U.S.  P.  unless  otherwise  stated 


T.^'<  ^Wellcome'  brand  Products 

The  word  'Wellcome'  is  a  brand  which  designates  fine 
products  issued  by  Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  To  ensure  the 
supply  of  these  pure  and  reliable  preparations,  this  brand  should 
always  be  specified  when  ordering. 

The  purity  and  reliability  of  drugs  are  matters  of  the  utmost 
importance    to     prescriber,     dispenser    and    patient 
alike,    and    every   opportunity    should    therefore    be   ^i"^i>"'* 
taken    to    ensure    the    supply    of    those    chemicals 
which  are  known  to  be  thoroughly  genuine  and  trustworthy. 

In  order  that  products  answering  to  this  description  in  the 
highest  sense  may  be  at  the  disposal  of  the  profession, 
Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.  prepare  and  issue  a  series  of 
fine  chemicals,  alkaloids,  etc.,  under  the  distinctive  title  of 
the  '  Wellcome  '  Brand. 

The  recognised  doses  of  '  Wellcome '  Brand  Chemicals  are 
indicated    on   the   labels,   and    in   the   body  of  this 
handbook,  in  terms  of  both  the  Imperial  and  Metric   Doses  in 
systems.      The  limits  of  dosage  given  are  approxi-   a^d*Metric 
mately  the  same  in  each  system,  but  exact  equiva-   weights 
lence  has  not  been  attempted,  since  no  useful  object 
would  be   served,  and  awkward  and  confusing  figures  would 
result. 

The  new  soluble  Bismuth  Salts  and  the  soluble  Iron  Arsenate 
are  the  outcome  of  investigations  conducted  in  the  Wellcome 
Chemical  Research  Laboratories,  and  mark  a  great 
advance  in  the  preparation  of  scale  salts.      Particular   ^^^^ng 
attention  has  also  been  devoted  to  the   preparation 
of  fine   alkaloids,   and   the   standards   of  purity   adopted   are 
higher    in    many   instances    than   those  of  the    United    States 
Pharmacopoeia. 

'  Wellcome '  Brand  Chloroform  embodies  the  results  of  the 
most  recent  researches,  and  provides  an  anaesthetic  of  the 
highest  attainable  degree  of  purity  and  freedom  from  irritating 
products  of  decomposition. 


'  WELLCOME'       BRAND       PRODUCTS 


Wellcome'  Brand  Products— coniinueti 

WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
,,  Aconitine,  U.S. P. 

The  pure  crystallised  alkaloid  from  Aconitum  napellus, 
free   from    pseudaconitine   and   japaconitine,    and    from 
the  non-toxic  aconine   and  benzaconine.      Owing  to  its 
extremely  poisonous  properties  aconitine  should  be  pre- 
scribed and  dispensed  with  the  utmost  caution. 
Dose — gr.  1/640  to  gr.  1/400  (ooooi  gm.  to  0-00015  gm.) 
U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-00015  gm.  (gr.  1/400) 
Isstied  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3  gm. ) 

,,  Aconitine  Hydrobromide 

The  most  suitable  salt  of  aconitine  for  therapeutic 
use.  It  is  readily  soluble  in  water,  perfectly  stable,  and 
of  uniform  composition.  The  remarks  as  to  purity  and 
dosage  of  the  alkaloid  apply  also  to  this  salt. 

Dose — gr.  1/640  to  gr.  1/400  (ooooi  gm.  to  0-00015  gm.) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3^///.) 

,,  Aloin,  U.S. P. 

Free   from    resin.      Lighter  in   colour    and  affords   a 
clearer  solution  than  the  usual  commercial  article. 
Dose — gr.  1/2  to  gr.  2  (0-03  gm.  to  0-13  gm.) 
U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-065  gm.  (gr.  1) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  ^;«.)  and  oz.  4  (113^;;/.) 

,,  Aloin,  Crystal 

Well-defined  crystals.     Free  from  resin. 

Dose — gr.  1/2  to  gr.  2  (003  gm.  to  0-13  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gin. )  and  oz.  4  ( 113^;;/. 

,,   Bismuth  Citrate 

Practically  free  from  nitrate  (containing  less  than 
0-05  per  cent,  of  NgO^).  Renders  a  clear  solution  with 
ammonia.       Yields  by  the  official  test  56-58   per   cent. 

BisOg. 

Dose— gr.  2  to  gr.  5  (0-13  gm.  to  0-3  gm.) 
U.S.P.  Average  Dose — 0-125  gm.  (gr.  2) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  4  (113  gm. ),  oz.  8  (227  gm.)^  and 
oz.  16  (454^/;/.) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


'  WELLCOME*       BRAND       PRODUCTS 


Wellcome'  Brand  Products— conh'nued 

WELLCOME'  BRAND— 

,,   Bismuth  and  Iron  Citrate  (Soluble) 

In  yellowish-green  scales,  readily  soluble  in  water. 
The  bismuth  and  ferric  citrates  are  combined  in  this 
preparation  so  as  to  represent  as  nearly  as  possible 
equal  parts  by  weight  of  the  respective  anhydrous 
salts. 

Dose — gr.  5  to  gr.  10  (0-3  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  ^;«.),  oz.  4  (113  <^w.)  and 
oz.  8  {227  g?n.) 

,,  Bismuth  and  Lithium  Citrate  (Soluble) 

In  handsome,  colourless  scales,  readily  soluble  in 
water.  Its  exhibition  is  indicated  when  the  thera- 
peutic effects  of  lithium  in  conjunction  with  those  of 
bismuth  are  desired.  The  proportion  of  lithium,  in 
combination,  corresponds  to  25-30  per  cent.,  by  weight, 
of  anhydrous  lithium  citrate. 

Dose — gr.  2  to  gr.  5  (0-13  gm.  to  03  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3^7;/.),  oz./\  {iiT,  gm.)  and 
oz.  8  {22^  gf?l.) 

,,   Calcium  Glycerophosphate 

Dose — gr.  2  to  gr.  5  (013  gm.  to  03  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3^;;/.)  and  oz.  4  (113^///.) 

,,  Calcium  Hypophosphite,  U.S. P. 

Special  attention  is  invited  to  this  salt  and  to  its 
property  of  readily  rendering  a  perfectly  clear  solution 
with  water.  It  conforms  strictly  in  all  respects  to  the 
U.S. P.  requirements. 

Dose— gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (0-2  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 
U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-5  gm.  (gr.  7-1/2) 


Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.    i   {28-3  gm.),  oz.   4  (113  gm.) 
and  oz.  8  {221  gm.) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


226  '  WELLCOME'       BRAND       PRODUCTS 

*  Wellcome  '  Brand  Products— conh'nued 

*  WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
,,  Chloroform,  U.S. P. 

Of  exceptional  purity  and  reliability.  Specially  pre- 
pared for  the  use  of  anaesthetists.  Free  from  all  irri- 
tating products  of  decomposition. 

Dose — min.  i  to  min.  5  (gtt.  i  to  gtt.  5) 

U.S.  P.  Average  Dose — 0-3  c.c.  (min.  5) 

Issued  in  amber-coloured  stoppered  bottles  of  oz.  2 
(57  g^Ji-),  1/4  ib.  (113  gm.),  1/2  lb.  [22^  gm.),  and  1  lb. 
(454  gni.) ;  and  in  hermetically-sealed  tubes  of  i\^  lb., 
(113  gm.)  30  c.c.  [approx.  I  fl.  oz.)  and  60  c.c.  {approx. 
2  fl.  oz. ) 

,,   Emetine  (Pure  Alkaloid) 

This  is  the  essential  alkaloid  of  ipecacuanha,  and  not 
the  mixture  of  alkaloids  formerly  known  as  emetine. 

Dose — As  an   expectorant,  gr.  i  200  to  gr.  1/50  (0-0003   E'l^-  ^'^ 
0-0013  gm.) 
As  an  emetic,  gr.  1/6  to  gr.  1/3  (o-oi  gm.  to  0-02  gm.) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  15  (i  gm.)  and  bottles  of 
g^-  60  {1-9 gm.) 

,,   Emetine  Hydrobromide 

The  most  suitable  salt  of  emetine  for  therapeutic  use. 
Dose — As   an   expectorant,  gr.  1/200  to  gr.  1/50  (0-0003  S'"-  'o 
0-0013  gni-) 
As  an  emetic,  gr.  1/6  to  gr.  1/3  (001  gm.  to  002  gm.) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  15  (i  gm.)  and  bottles  of 
gr.  60  {3-9  gm.) 

„   Ether  fFu7'eJ 

Prepared  specially  for  anaesthesia.  Its  standard 
exceeds  that  of  the  U.S. P. 

Sp.  gr.  (at  25°C.),  0720. 

Issued  i/i  hermetically -sealed  tubes  of  30  c.c.  and 
60  c.c.  =  approx.  l  and2fl.  oz. 

,,   Ferric  Phosphate  (Soluble) 

See  Iron  Phosphate  (Soluble),  page  228 
For  prices,  see  separate  list 


'  WELLCOME'       BRAND       PRODUCTS 


Wellcome  '  Brand  Products— continued 

WELLCOME'  BRAND— 

,,  Gelsemine   Hydrochloride  (Gelsemininum   Hydrochloricum 
Cryst.,  Ge'r.) 

A  salt  of  the  crystallisable  alkaloid  of  Ge/semium 
nitidum. 

Dose — gr.  1/120  to  gr.  1/30  (0-0005  gm.  to  0002  gm.) 
Issued  in  Htbes  of  gr.  5  (0-3  ^«.)  and  gr.  15  (i  gm.) 

,,   Homatropine  (Fare J 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3  gin.) 

,,   Homatropine  Hydrobromide,  U.S. P. 

Recent  research  on  the  synthetic  tropeines  in  the 
Wellcome  Chemical  Research  Laboratories  has  enabled 
this  salt  of  homatropine  (mandelyltropeine)  to  be  pre- 
sented in  an  exceptionally  pure  form.  The  importance 
of  this  high  degree  of  purity  is  best  realised  when  the 
use  of  the  minute  dose  of  the  drug  as  a  mydriatic  is 
considered. 

Dose — gr.  1/80  to  gr.  1/20  (o-oco8  gm.  to  0-003  gm.) 

U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-0005  gm-  (g""-  1/128) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3  g/n. ) 

,,   Homatropine  Methylbromide 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3^///.) 

„   Yi^Ax^.%\:m^  ( Pure  Alkaloid),  U.S. P. 

The  crystallised  white  alkaloid  from  Hydrastis 
canadensis. 

Dose — gr.  1/4  to  gr.  i  (0-015  gm.  to  0-06  gm.) 
U.S. P.  Average  Dose— ooio  gm.  (gr.  1/5) 
Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.   15  (i  gm.)  and  bottles  of  oz.  I 
{2^'Zg7n.) 

,,  Hydrastine  Hydrochloride 

This  salt  of  the  pure  white  alkaloid  is  readily  soluble 
in  water. 

Dose — gr.  1/4  to  gr.  i  (0-015  gm-  to  0-06  gm.) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  15  (i  gm.)  and  bottles  of  oz.  I 
{2%-Zgm.) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


'  WELLCOME'       BRAND       PRODUCTS 


*  Wellcome  '  Brand  Products— ^<^ntinu^d 
'WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
,,   Hydrastinine  Hydrochloride,  U.S. P. 

An  oxidation  product  of  the  alkaloid  hydrastine,  free 
from  other  bases  generally  associated  with  the  production 
of  this  salt. 

Dose — gr.  1/4  to  gr.  1/2  {0015  gm.  to  003  gm.) 
U.S.  P.  Average  Dose — 0030  gm.  (gr.  1/2) 

Issued  in  tubes  ofgr.  5  (0-3  gfn. )  and  i  g/n. 

,,   Iron  Arsenate  (Soluble) 

In  handsome  green  scales,  readily  soluble  in  water. 
Arsenic  content  is  equivalent  to  34-35  per  cent,  of 
anhydrous  ferric  arsenate.  May  conveniently  be  used 
for  the  preparation  of  a  solution  similar  to  the  Syrup  of 
Arsenate  of  Iron,  N.F. 

Dose — gr.  1/16  to  gr.  1/4  (0004  gm.  to  0015  gm.) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3^//.) 

,,   Iron  Glycerophosphate 

Handsome  scales,  readily  soluble  in  warm  water. 
Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  6  (0-2  gm.  to  0-4  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  1  (28-3  gfn.)  ajid  oz.  4(113  gm.) 

,,   Iron  Hypophosphite  (Soluble) 

In  handsome  greenish  scales,  distinguished  from  the 
ordinary  iron  hypophosphite  by  being  readily  soluble  in 
water.     Contains  about  12  per  cent,  of  iron. 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  5  (006  gm.  to  0-3  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  ^;«.),  oz.  4  (113  gfn.) 
atui  oz.  8  {22^  g/n.) 

„  Iron  Phosphate  f^^S^/r^^/^^,  U.S. P. 

In  the  form  of  bright  green  transparent  scales,  freely 
soluble  in  water.  Conforms  in  every  respect  to  tlie 
requirements  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia. 

Dose — gr.  5  to  gr.  10  (0-3  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

U.S. P.  A\'ER.\GE  Dose — 025  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  gtn.)^  oz.  4  (113  gm.) 
and  oz.  8  [22^  gm.) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


'  WELLCOME '       BRAND       PRODUCTS  229 

Wellcome'  Brand  Products— conii/iMetf 

WELLCOME'  BRAND— 

,,   Iron  Pyrophosphate  (Solitble),  U.S. P. 

Dose — gr.  5  to  gr.  10  (0-3  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-25  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  gm.),  oz.  4  (113  gm.) 
and oz.  8  (227  gm.) 

,,  Magnesium  Glycerophosphate 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (0-2  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  ^^w.)  and  oz.  4  (113^///.) 

,,  Manganese  and  Iron  Citrate  (Soluble) 

A  scale  salt,  readily  soluble  in  water,  containing 
about  7  per  ceAt.  of  manganese  and  14  per  cent,  of  iron 
in  organic  combination. 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (0-2  gm.  to  0-65  gm. ) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gm.),  oz.  4  (113^;//.), 
oz.  8  {22^ gm.)  a7id oz.  16  (454 ^w.) 

,,   Manganese  and  Iron  Citrate  with  Arsenic  (Soluble) 

Contains  0-5  per  cent,  of  arsenic  trioxide,  but 
is  otherwise  identical  with  Manganese  and  Iron  Citrate 
(Soluble).     [See  above. ) 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (0-2  gm.  to  065  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  {2^-t,  gm.)  and  oz.  4  (113^///.) 

,,   Manganese  and  Iron  Citrate  with  Quinine  (Soluble) 

Contains  15  per  cent,  of  quinine,  but  is  otherwise 
identical  with  Manganese  and  Iron  Citrate  (Soluble). 
{See  above.) 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (0-2  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  gm. )  ajid  oz.  4(113  gm. ) 

,,   Manganese  and  Iron  Citrate  with  Strychnine  (Soluble) 

Contains   I    per  cent,    of  strychnine,  but  is  otherwise 
identical   with    Manganese   and  Iron  Citrate  (Soluble). 
{See  above. ) 
Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  3  (006  gm.  to  02  gm.) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  g/n. )  and  ^::.  4  ( 1 1 3  gm. ) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


230  '  WELLCOME'       BRAND       PRODUCTS 

*  Wellcome '  Brand  Products— continued 

*  WELLCOME'  BRAND— 

,,   Manganese  and  Iron  Phosphate  (Soluble) 

A  scale  salt  readily  soluble  in  warm  water.  Contains 
about  7  per  cent,  of  manganese  and  14  per  cent,  of  iron. 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (02  gm.  to  065  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  gfn.),  oz.  4  (113  g>n.), 
oz.  8  {227  gui. )  and  oz.  16  (454  gtn. ) 

,.   Manganese  Citrate  (Soluble) 

In  the  form  of  handsome,  nearly  colourless  scales, 
which  are  readily  soluble  in  water.  Contains  about  12 
per  cent,  of  manganese  in  organic  combination. 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  10  (02  gm.  to  0-65  gin.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  {2%-^gm.)  and  oz.  4  (113^;//.) 

,,  Mercurous  Chloride,  U.S. P.  (Calomel) 

Of  uniform  physical  character,  prepared  by  sublima- 
tion.       Being   free    from   mercuric   chloride   and   other 
contaminations,    it    possesses     desirable    uniformity    of 
action.     Guaranteed  English  preparation. 
Dose — gr.  1/2  to  gr.  5  (0-03  gm.  to  0-3  gm.) 

IT  S  P    AvFRArF  Dose— Z^^''^*'''^'  °"'^5  S'"'  ^^-  ^\ 
U.b.F.  Average  Uose     |  Alterative,  0-065  gm-  (gr-  i) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  4  {ii^  gm. ),  oz.  8  (227  gm. )  and 
oz.  16  (454  ^w.) 

,,   Physostigmine  (Pure  Alkaloid) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  2  (0-13  gju.)  and  gr.  5  (0-3  gm.) 

,,   Physostigmine  Hydrobromide  (Eserine  Hydrobromide) 
Dose— gr.  1/60  to  gr.  1/20  (o-ooi  gm.  to  0003  gm.) 
Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3  ^w.)  and  gr.  15  ( I  g^n.) 

,,   Physostigmine  Salicylate  (Eserine  Salicylate),  U.S. P. 
Dose — gr.  1/60  to  gr.  1/20  (o-ooi  gm.  to  0003  gm.) 
U.S.  P.  Average  Dose— 0001  gm.  (gr.  1/64) 
Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  5  (0-3  g^n.)  and  gr.  15  ( I  gm.) 
For  prices,  see  separate  list 


'  WELLCOME  '       BRAND       PRODUCTS  231 

Wellcome  '  Brand  Products— continued 

WELLCOME'  BRAND— 

,,  Physostigmine  Sulphate  (Eserine  Sulphate),  U.S. P. 

Dose — gr.  1/60  to  gr.  1/20  (o-ooi  gm.  to  0-003  gm.) 

U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0001  gm.  (gr.  1/64) 

Issued  t'n  tubes  of  gr.  2  (0-13  gin.)  and  gr.  5(0-3^;;/.) 

,,  Pilocarpine  Hydrochloride,  U.S. P. 

The  '  Wellcome  '  Brand  salts  of  pilocarpine  are  free 
from  the  less  active  isopilocarpine  and  the  inactive 
pilocarpidine.  Their  purity  is  guaranteed  by  their 
respective  melting  points,  which  are  indicated  on  each 
package. 

Dose — gr.  1/20  to  gr.  1/2  (0003  gm.  to  003  gm.) 

U.S.P.  Average  Dose — o-oio  gm.  (gr.  1/5) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  i^{i  gm.);  andin  bottles  of  gr.  60 
(3-9^///.),  oz.  1/2  {\/\f  gm.)  and  oz.  I  (28-3  ^w.) 

.,   Pilocarpine  Nitrate,  U.S.P. 

This  salt  of  pilocarpine  is  stable,  and  is  the  one  best 
adapted  for  general  use. 

Dose — gr.  1/20  to  gr.  1/2  (0-003  gm.  to  0-03  gm.) 

U.S.P.  Average  Dose — 0010  gm.  (gr.  1/5) 

Issued  in  tubes  of  gr.  15(1  gm. )  ;  and  in  bottles  of  gr.  60 
(3*9  ^''^Oj  oz.  1/2  {\^fgm.)  and  oz.  i  (28-3, fw.) 

,,   Podophyllin  (Resina  Podophylli,  U.S.P.) 

Prepared  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  official  method, 
from  a  carefully-selected  drug. 

Dose — gr.  1/4  to  gr.  i  (0-015  gm-  to  0-06  gm.) 

U.S.P.  Average  Dose- | ^^''S^.''^^'  °°^5  gm.  (gr.  1/4) 
(  Laxative,  0005  gm.  (gr.  i/io) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3^^.),  oz.  4  (113  gm.) 
and  oz.  8  [22"]  gm.) 

,,   Potassium  Glycerophosphate 

A  syrupy  liquid  containing  50  per  cent,  of  anhydrous 
potassium  glycerophosphate. 

Dose — gr.  3  to  gr.  8  (0-2  gm.  to  0-5  gm.) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  gm. )  and  oz.  4  ( w^  gm. ) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


232  '  WELLCOME"      BRAND      PRODUCTS 

*  Wellcome  '  Brand  Products — continued 

*  WELLCOME*  BRAND— 
,,  Quinine  Bihydrochloride 

DosK — gr.  I  to  gr.  lo  (0-06  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3^/.) 

,,  Quinine  Bisulphate,  U.S. P. 

Being  readily  soluble  in  water  (i  in  10),  this  salt  is 
more  convenient  for  many  purposes  than  the  insoluble 
official  sulphate. 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  10  (o-o6  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 
U.S. P.  .A.\-ERAGE  Dose — o-25ogm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gm. )  and  oz.  4  (113  gni. ) 

5,  Quinine  Hydrobromide,  U.S. P. 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  10  (0-06  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

U.S. P.  Average  Dose— 0-230  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  i  (28-3  gm. )  and  oz.  4(113  gm. ) 

,,  Quinine  Hydrochloride,  U.S. P. 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  10  (0-06  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 
U.S.P.  A\-erage  Dose — 0-250  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gm.^  and  oz.  4(113  gm. ) 

,,  Quinine  Hj-pophosphite 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  3  (0-06  gm.  to  0-2  gm.) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  \  (28-3  ^«.) 

,,  Quinine  Lactate 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  5  (0-06  gm.  to  0-3  gm.) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gm. ) 

„  Quinine  Phosphate 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  lo  (0-06  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 
Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gtn. ) 

,,  Quinine  Salicylate,  U.S.P. 

Prepared  from  physiologically  pure  salicylic  acid. 
Dose — gr.  2  to  gr.  6  (0-13  gm.  to  0-4  gm.) 
U.S.P.  .\verage  Dose— 0-250  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gm. )  and  ^,4(113  gtn. ) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


'  WELLCOME  '       BRAND       PRODUCTS  233 

Wellcome'  Brand  Products— continued 

WELLCOME'  BRAND— 
.,  Quinine  Sulphate,  U.S. P. 

This  salt  is  presented  in  a  more  compact  form  of 
crystals  than  that  usually  supplied,  but  is  identical  in 
composition  with  the  official  salt.  It  is  believed  that 
its  diminished  bulk  will  render  it  more  convenient  for 
storage  and  dispensing. 

When  ordering  Quinine  Sulphate,  please  indicate 
whether  "compact"  or  "large  flake"  is  required. 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  lo  (006  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-250  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  I  (28-3  gin. )  and  oz.  4(113  gm. )  ; 
also  in  tins  of  oz.  25  (709^;;;.)  and  oz.  100  (2835^;;;.) 

,,  Quinine  Sulphate  (Large  Flake),  U.S. P. 

This  is  the  official  salt  in  the  usual  bulky  form  of  light 
feathery  crystals.  We  recommend  in  preference  the 
compact  crystals,  which  occupy  one-third  the  space,  as 
being  more  portable  and  convenient. 

When  ordering  Quinine  Sulphate,  please  indicate 
whether  "compact"  or  "large  flake"  is  required. 

Dose — gr.  i  to  gr.  10  (006  gm.  to  0-65  gm.) 

U.S. P.  Average  Dose — 0-250  gm.  (gr.  4) 

Issued  in  bottles  of  oz.  1/4  (7  gnt.),  oz.  1/2  (14,^;;/.) 
and  oz.  i  (28'3^;/.)  ;  and  in  tins  of  oz.  4  (113^/;;.)  ;  also 
in  tins  of  oz.  25  (709^;;/.)  and  oz.  lOO  {2835^/;/.) 

For  prices,  see  separate  list 


=  'WELLCOME'  BRAND    CHEMICALS 

WERE  AWARDED 

A    GRAND    PRIZE  A    GRAND    PRIZE 

at  the  at  the 

International  Exposition  .  International  Exhibition 

St.  Louis,  1904  Milan,  1906 

A    GRAND    PRIZE  TWO    GRAND    PRIZES 

at  the  at  the 

International  Exhibition  Franco-British  Exhibition 

Liege,  1905  London,  1908 


m  ^ 


^^^mCi^^^^SmS 


m  m  w 


M 


-*«^  'Wellcome'  brand  Chloroform 

The  Ideal  Anaesthetic 

In  'Wellcome'  Brand 
Chloroform  anaesthetists  find  a 
product  of  unvarying  reliability, 
which  is  exceptional  in  purity 
and  uniformity   of  composition. 

It  contains  precisely  that 
small,  yet  definite,  proportion 
of  ethyl  chloride,  which  clinical 
experience  has  shown  to  be 
so  beneficial  in  the  induction 
of  chloroform  anaesthesia.  Greauv  reduced 


-r  'Wellcome'  brand  ether 

'  Wellcome  '  Brand  Ether,  specially  prepared 
for  anaesthesia,  is  thoroughly  pure  and  reliable. 
Specific  gravity  (at  25°  C),  0-720.  The  hermeti- 
cally-sealed tubes  in  which  it  is  issued  prevent 
the  escape  of  the  volatile  contents,  and  are  convenient 
and  portable. 

fSee  also  page  226) 


i"a^  'Wellcome'  brand 
Sera    in   Syringe-Containers 

Each    container    presents    an    accurate    dose    of 
Serum  in  a  thoroughly  reliable  Syringe. 

As  it  lies  in  its  case  this  acme  of  convenience  presents  only 
two  parts — the  partly  hollow  piston  A  containing  the  needle  B, 

and  the 
barrel  C 
containing 
the  Serum. 
When  the 
syringe  is 
required  the 
cork      in 

which   the  needle   B   is  embedded  is  withdrawn  from   A,  and 
placed  on  a  clean  surface. 

The  waxed  end  D  of  the  barrel  is  then  pressed  with  the  fore- 
finger of  the    left   hand    and    the   piston   screwed    on   to    the 


,  riy 


ffi^-Z| 


projecting  portion  E   of  the  rubber  plunger. 

The  wool  is  now  removed  from  the  needle, 
the  waxed  sealing  disc  D  from  the  barrel,  and 
the  needle  attachment  screwed  home  ;  then, on 
the  cork  and  wire  being  removed  from  the  needle, 
the  instrument  is  ready  for  use. 


(See  also  pages  172-174^ 


Burroughs   Wellcome   &   Co. 

LONDON    (ENG.) 

New   York       Montreal       Sydney       Cape   Town 

Milan       Shanghai 


U.S.A.    Offices    and   Exhibition    Room: 

35,     37    &    39.     WEST     THIRTY-THIRD     STREET 
(NEAR    FIFTH    AVENUE).     NEW    YORK    CITY 

Cables  and  Marconigrams — "  Tabloid,  New  York  " 

Telephone  No.—^'  508  Murray  Hill"  ftwo  lines) 

ABC  and  Lieber's  Telegraphic  Codes  used 


Canadian    Offices    and    Warehouses : 

101-104,      CORISTINE      BUILDING 
ST.    NICHOLAS    &    ST.    PAUL    STS.,     MONTREAL 


DEPOTS     IN    U.S.A. 


Atlanta,  Ga. — Jacobs'  Pharmacy 
Co.,  10,  Marietta  Street 

Baltimore,  Md.  —  Muth  Bros.  & 
Co.,  23,  South  Charles  Street 

Boston,  Mass. — Eastern  Drug  Co., 
8-20,  Fulton  Street 

Chicago,  III. — E.  H.  Buehler, 
134,  Lake  Street 

Dallas,  Tex.  —  J.  W.  Crowdus 
Drug  Co. 

DuLUTH,  Minn.— Leithhead  Drug 
Co. 

Houston,  Tex.  —  Houston  Drug 
Co.,  iq2,  Tra\-is  Street 

Indianapolis,  Ind.— Kiefer  Drug 
Co. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  —  Faxon  & 
Gallagher 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.  —  Brunswig 
Drug  Co.  (late  F.  W.  Braun  ..^ 
Co.),  501,  N.  Main  Street 

Louisville,  Ky. — Robinson-Pettet 
Co.,  528-532,  West  Main  Street 

New  Orleans,  La. — Finlay,  Dicks 
&  Co.,  Magazine  and  Common 
Streets 


Philadelphia,  Pa.— Smith,  Kline 
«&  French  Co.,  429-435,  Arch 
Street 

Phcenix,  Ariz.— N.  M.  Miller 

Pittsburg,  Pa. — W.  J.  Gilmore  & 

Co.,  426,  Seventh  Avenue 
Portland,   Oregon. — The  Clarke 

Woodward  Drug  Co.,  401-407, 

Ho\t  Street 
St.  Louis,  Mo. — Meyer  Bros.  Drug 

Co. ,  Fourth  and  Clark  Streets 

St.  Paul,  Minn. — Noyes  Bros.  & 
Cutler,  396-408,  Sibley  Street 

San  Antonio,  Tex. — San  Antonio 

Drug  Co. 
San    Fr.\ncisco,    Cal.  —  Langley 

&    Michaels    Co.,    34-40,  First 

Street 
Seattle,  Wash. — Stewart  Holmes 

Drug     Co.,      209-211,      Third 

Avenue  Street 
Spokane,    Wash.— The     Spokane 

Drug  Co. 


MEMORANDA 


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1 


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IP^IP<IIP^IIP)IIPIIIP<IIPI^ 


':t'.^      'SOLOID'      BRAND 

ANTISEPTICS,    ASTRINGENTS,    ETC. 
Pure,  Accurate,  Soluble 


Example  of 
Convenience 


12 


,  g  '  Soloid' 

Corrosive  Sublimate 

gr.  7-3 

dissolved   in  one  pint  of 

water  forms    a    solution 

^  of  I-IOCO 


Although     compressed    into     such    small    compass, 

'  Soloid  '  products  begin  to  dissolve  as  soon  as   they 

are  added   to    water:   by   stirring  and   making   up   to 

mark,  clear  solutions  of  required  strength  are  obtained. 

(See  also  pages  1 76-1 82 j 


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"^si  *Ernutin'  brand  Products 

The  Ideal  Form  of  Ergot 

'  Ernutix  '  presents  the  active  therapeutic  principles 
of  Ergot,  viz.,  the  alkaloid  Ergotoxine.  and  '  Tyramine  ' 
(Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine),  pure  and  in  a  physio- 
logically standardised  solution. 

In  po5t-partum  haemorrhage,  normal  confinements, 
and  in  all  other  conditions  in  which  Ergot  is  indicated, 
'  Erxutin  '  is  preferable. 

'  Erxutin  '  (Oral)  and  '  Vaporole  '  *  Ernutin  '  for 
hypodermic  administration  are  issued. 

(See  also  pages   154  and  221  j 


\^ 


-:■:}  'Tabloid'   brand 
Hypodermic   Mercuric   Succinimide 

Freely  soluble  in  water  ;  does  not  coagulate  albumin, 
is  less  liable  than  other  preparations  of  mercury  to  set 
up  local  irritation,  and  therefore  particularly  suitable 
for  hypodermic  application.  Used  with  good  results 
in  syphilis  and  tuberculosis. 

In  the  latter,  improvement  in  the  general  condition, 
reduction  of  temperature,  gain  in  weight,  and  curing  of 
advanced  laryngeal  and  pharyngeal  ulceration  have 
been  reported,  as  well  as  improvements  in  advanced 
pulmonary  lesions  and  decidedly  beneficial  effects  on 
tubercular  glands. 

(See  also  pages   156,  159  and  16^ J 


V?».^S^XXS 


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'Vaporole'  brand   Products 


A  series  of  medicaments  of  exceptional  purity  and 
reliabilit}'. 

'  Vaporole  '     Products    for     Hypodermic     injection 
present    accurate    doses    in    hermetically-sealed    con- 
tainers.    When  using  these,  after  sterilising  the  syringe, 
it  is  only  necessary  to  break  off  the  tubular 
top  and  draw  the  sterile  preparation  into 
the  barrel. 

'  Vaporole  '  Products  for  Inhalation 
are  supplied  in  thin  glass  capsules  sur- 
rounded with  absorbent  material  and 
enclosed  in  silk.  For  use,  the  product 
is  crushed  between  the  thumb  and 
forefinger. 

--  'Vaporole'  brand 
Pituitary    Extract 

(Infundibular) 

A    sterile   extract   prepared   from  fresh 
substance.       Administration,      which      is 
most    effective    hypodermically   or   intra- 
muscularly, produces  a  strong  and  lasting 
rise  of  the  blood-pressure.     It  strengthens  the  heart- 
beat,   causes   profuse    micturition   and    strong    uterine 
contraction. 

Clinically  it  has  been  found  to  stimulate  peristalsis  in 
conditions  of  intestinal  atony  and  paresis. 

(See  also  page  22\) 


'  Vaporole ' 
Hypodermic 

Product 
Actual  size 


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-'     *ALAXA   '     BRAND 

Aromatic  Liqueur  of  Cascara   Sagrada 

An  elegant  and  palatable  laxative  liqueur,  scientifi- 
cally prepared  from  carefully  selected  and  fully  matured 
bark  of  the  true  cascara  sagrada. 

Its  attractive  appearance  and 
pleasant  flavour  and  aroma 
entitle  it  to  be  classed  as  a 
liqueur. 

The  tonic  laxative  action 
possessed  by  '  Alaxa  '  enables  it 
to  take  the  place  of  the  after- 
dinner  pill.  In  the  constipation 
of  pregnancy  and  in  all  cases 
due  to  lack  of  intestinal  tone,  it 

is  particularly  acceptable,  and  the  more  so  as  the 
amount  taken  can  be  regulated  with  perfect  exacti- 
tude. It  is  especially  suitable  for  the  use  of  children 
and  fastidious  women,  and  for  administration  to  the 
aged  and  feeble. 

'  Alaxa  '  is  perfectly  stable  and  neither  ferments 
nor  deposits  on  keeping. 

Supplied  ill  bottles  of  4  fluid  ounces 

(Sec  also  pas^e  147  J 


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U 


'Kepler'    Solution 

{Trade  Mark) 

Of  Cod  Liver  Oil  in  Malt  Extract 

'Kepler'  Solution  presents  the  finest  Norwegian 
Cod  Liver  Oil  scientifically  and  inseparably  incor- 
porated with  the  well-known  'Kepler'  Malt  Extract. 

Its  ready  digestibility  and  supreme  activity  as  an 
energiser  and  body-builder 
render  it  of  inestimable 
value  to  members  of  stru- 
mous or  phthisical  families ; 
also  in  cases  of  gastric  ulcer 
or  gastric  catarrh,  infantile 
diarrhcea,  and  the  d3'spepsia 
and  diarrhoea  of  phthisis. 

'Kepler'  Solution  is 
characterised  by  a  rich 
nutty  malt  flavour,  which 
is  irresistible. 

As  a  galactogogue  it  takes  a  foremost  place,  in- 
creasing the  supply  of  milk  and  impro\ing  the  quality. 

The  following  combinations  are  also  supplied  : — 

'  Kepler  '  Solution  with  Iron  Iodide 
„  „  „      Phosphorus 


Greatly   reduced 


(See  also  pages  162,  163^ 


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'"/'V'/'// 


Wellcome    Chemical    Research    Laboratories 

King    Street,    London    (England) 

This    Institution    is    conducted    separately    from    the     business 

of    Burroughs   Wellcoa\e  &   Co.,   and    is    under    distiftjU 

direction,  although  in  the  Laboratories  a   large  amount  of   impojrant 

scientific  wori<  is  carried  out  for  the  firm.  J 


Awards    Conferred    upon     the 


Wellcome    Chemical    Research    Laboratories 


Intern  ation al 
Exposition 


St.    Louis.     1904 


ONE     GRAND     PRIZE 

AND 

THREE     GOLD     MEDALS 


NTERN ATION AL 


exh  i  bition 
Liege.    1905 


ONE     GRAND     PRIZE 
ONE     DIPLOMA     OF     HONOUR 


TWO     GOLD     MEDALS 


Inter  national 
exhi  bition 


Milan,     1906 


ONE    GRAND     PRIZE 


Franco-British 


exhi  bition 
London ,     190! 


TWO     GRAND     PRIZES 


Chemical      and      Ph ar m acognostical      Research 


:tc.,    etc. 


'^^L 


M. 


w 


<^1 


w  5  3 

O    J  w 
Q     -J 


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Awards    Conferred    upon    the 


Wellcome  Physiological  Research  Laboratories 


NTERNATIONAL 


Exposition 

St.    Louis,    1904 


ONE     GRAND     PRIZE 

AND 

ONE     GOLD     MEDAL 


International 
exh  i  bition 


Liege,    1905 


ONE    GRAND     PRIZE 

AND 

TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 


I  NTERNATIONAL 

EXHI  BITION 

Milan,    1906 

ONE  GRAND  PRIZE 


Franco-British 
exhi  bition 


London,    1908 


TWO     GRAND     PRIZES 


Physiological      Research      and      Preparations 


ETC.,      ETC. 


Portion    of    Frontage 

Burroughs   Wellcome   &   Co.'s   Chief   Offices 

London  (Eng.) 

Corner  of  Holborn  Viaduct  and  Snow  Hill 

facing  Holborn  Viaduct  Station 


Awards    Confekked     upon 


BURROUGHS     WELLCOME     &     CO, 


International 


Exposition 

St.    Louis,    1904 


International 
exhi  bition 


Liege,     1905 


International 
exhi  bition 


Milan,    1906 


Franco- British 
Exhibition 


London,     1908 


Alaska  — Yukon 


Paci  fic 
Exhibition 


Seattle,    1909 


THREE    GRAND     PRIZES 

AN  D 

THREE    GOLD     MEDALS 

A 

SIX     GRAND     PRIZES 

THREE    DIPLOMAS   OF   HONOUR 

a  n  u 

THREE    GOLD     MEDALS 

A 

THREE     GRAND     PRIZES 

THREE   DIPLOMAS   OF   HONOUR 

and 

ONE     GOLD     MEDAL 

A 

SEVEN    GRAND    PRIZES 

ONE     DIPLOMA    OF     HONOUR 

and 

TWO     GOLD     MEDALS 

A 
ONE     GRAND     PRIZE 


making    in    all    more    than 

220     HIGHEST    AWARDS 

conferred    upon    the    firm    for    the 

SCIENTIFIC     EXCELLENCE    of    their     PRODUCTS 

AT    THE    Great    Exhibitions    of    the    World 


Burroughs  Wellcome  8  Cp 


Burroughs    Wellcoa\e    &    Co.'s 

New    York    Offices    and    Exhibition    Room 

35,  37  &  39,  West  Thirty-third  Street 

(near  Fifth  Avenue),   New    York    City 


ILJI 


mm 


THE 


\ 


^Tabloid'     ^ 

AND 

*Soloid' 


Invented 

by 

B.  W.  &  Co. 


Are 

B.  W.  &  Co. 


\ 


They  mark  the  work  of 

Burroughs  "\^'ellcome  &  Co. 

They  mea7i  "  Issued  by 

Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.' 

They  stand  for 


mjjTTg 
pffin 


I^^IHl    products 


%jA 


Congress   Hall,  A.M. A..   1910 


Plan    of    St.    Louis 


(Central    Portion)    in    1910 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBR 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped 


MAY  4    RiJ^tt 


Form  L9-: ! 


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